厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器处理高硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧生物脱硫试验

采用人工配制的高硫酸盐有机废水模拟青霉素废水,研究其经过EGSB反应器厌氧处理后的出水,在厌氧条件下采用生物法将其转化为单质硫的脱硫工艺.当保持S2-/NO3-在1.7—1.8时,S2-保持高去除率且不会进一步生成硫酸盐.脱硫反应器与EGSB反应器联合运行,处理系统运行参数为：进水COD浓度为6000 mg·L-1,硫...     

天然和水热合成针铁矿对有机物厌氧分解释放CH4的影响

以乙酸钠为碳源,通过序批式实验研究了天然和水热合成针铁矿对铁还原菌-甲烷菌厌氧微生物生化系统中CH4释放量的影响.通过对实验过程中气体组分、溶液中总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)、Fe2+等主要组分的分析测定和固体产物的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,结合对矿物的比表面(BET)、XRD、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析表征,探讨了针铁矿在铁还原菌存在下对有机物厌氧消化产CH4的影响和作用机制.利用修正Gompertz方程对累计产CH4和CO2量进行拟合.结果表明,与对照实验组相比,添加针铁矿能使CH4累计释放量提前60～78 d达到最大值,并且能有效降低CO2释放量达30%～67%,添加水热合成针铁矿较之天然针铁矿更能促进CH4释放和减少CO2释放;固体产物分析表明添加针铁矿促使菱铁矿形成固定部分CO2.     

Biomethanation of brewery wastewater using an anaerobic upflow blanket filter

A large flow of effluent is generated from brewery plants and needs treatment before discharging into the environment. A laboratory-scale investigation was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the anaerobic upflow blanket filter (UBF) process for the biomethanation of a brewery effluent. The results show that the process, when operated at ambient temperatures of 20–29°C and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2440 mg/l, could remove the majority of the organic matter at a low hydraulic retention time. The process produced a potentially usable energy. These results compare favorably with the results obtained from investigations into the biomethanation of brewery effluent using other anaerobic processes.     

Heavy-metal ion complexation by particulate matter in the leachate of solid waste: a multi-method approach

The metal ion binding characteristics of particulate matter obtained from column experiments on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste were studied using a titrimetric approach. The experimental set-up allowed us to study the dynamics of particle bound ligand concentrations during digestion processes typically found in landfills.We developed a continuous titration method by simultaneously using a Cd-sensitive and pH electrode and combining metal and acid/base titrations. This technique allows for a more precise determination of pK_a-log K_M pairs for each ligand than metal titrations alone. The results were compared with titration methods using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with longer equilibration times in order to further characterize ligand properties such as reaction kinetics, the electrochemical lability of the respective complex during DPASV, the distinction between metal adsorption to particulate matter and metal complexation by soluble ligands adhered to particles, reversibility of the binding process by competition studies, and resistance against purging with nitrogen gas.The properties of seven major metal binding ligands were identified and assignments to the most likely functional groups were made. The most important ligand properties are for ligand A: pK_a ≈ 9.2, log K_cd ≈ 7.0 fast reaction kinetics (mercapto groups); ligand B: pK_a = 4.8, log K_Cd ≈ 6.0, slow reaction kinetics (chelates with 3 or 4 carboxylic groups); ligand C: pK_a ≈ 6.0, log K_Cd ≈ 13.0, irreversible metal binding at basic pH-values (uptake inside bacterial cells); ligand D: pK_a = 7.7, log K_Cd = 4.0, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter with digestion time (primary amines neighboring oxo groups); ligand E: pK_a ≈ 12.0, log K_Cd = 9.0, runs parallel to P content of particulate matter (phosphate); ligand F:pK_a > 9.0, log K_{Cdf = pKa + 0.4}, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter (primary amines neighboring SH groups); and ligand G: pK_a ≤ 4.8, log K_Pb ≈ 4.3, strong Pb²⁺ ligand, even at low pH-values.Metal ions were found to be irreversibly bound by ligand C at low heavy-metal concentratins, whereas at higher concentrations the binding is reversible and can be predicted using the mass of the digestion process (methanogenic phase). All other ligands have their concentration maximum in the transition phase between acetogenic and methanogenic phase.     

Cd~(2+) removal from wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

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不同浸提剂条件下生物炭溶解性有机物的浸出规律

生物炭广泛应用于环境污染修复、土壤改良和废物生物转化过程,但其中的可浸出物质可能在应用过程中释放,对反应体系和环境造成不利影响.以厌氧消化不同阶段的模拟溶液(蒸馏水、缓冲盐溶液、甲醇和腐殖酸溶液)为浸提剂,采用高分辨液质联用仪,研究了不同浸提剂条件下生物炭浸出液的溶解性有机物组成.生物炭各浸出液中共检测到536种有效物质,其中有100种物质与标准物质数据库高度匹配.结果表明,这100种物质的相对分子质量分布在109～458范围内,平均相对分子质量为290. 2,涵盖苯酚类、芳香酸类、芳香醛和酮类、脂肪酸类等物质.相比传统研究方法采用的蒸馏水,生物炭在厌氧培养常用缓冲盐溶液中多浸出了3种脂肪酸和4种芳香族物质;甲醇浸出液中的物质类别最丰富,共计71种,其中包括大量的酚类和有机酸类物质;腐殖酸溶液浸取过程中,部分腐殖酸,包括醇和脂肪酸类物质会被生物炭吸附,但腐殖酸同时促进了生物炭中酚类物质的浸出,总体可被检测出的有机物种类减少了41. 7%.     

硫酸盐对污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞迁移转化的影响

为研究污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征以及硫酸盐对污泥厌氧消化过程中汞形态迁移转化的影响,本研究以高温热水解污泥的厌氧消化为研究对象,考察了不同硫酸盐投加浓度下污泥厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化初期(第1～3 d)发生了汞的甲基化作用,平均甲基汞/总汞比例由0.024%(比值范围为0.019%～0.033%)增加到0.038%(比值范围为0.030%～0.048%),甲基汞净增量分别增加了3.97、 6.09、 0.17、 3.71和1.66倍,随后第3～5 d却发生了明显的汞去甲基化作用,甲基汞净增量降低了71.25%(范围为67.42%～75.10%).硫酸盐对厌氧消化初期汞的甲基化有一定的抑制,而厌氧消化后期,硫酸盐对汞甲基化影响并不明显,这与带电基团HgHS~-_2、 HgS_2~(2-)降低了中性汞络合物的生物有效性及铁硫化物、硫化汞等对S~(2-)和生物可利用态汞的固定作用有关.通过冗余分析,汞的甲基化受到多种环境因素的影响,丙酸、异丁酸和异戊酸等有机质和Fe可能促进汞甲基化,而蛋白质和较高的pH值可能是污泥厌氧消化过程中汞甲基化的抑制因子.     

基于SBR-ABR实现PN-SAD耦合工艺的运行与优化调控

采用序批式活性污泥反应器-厌氧折流板反应器(SBR-ABR)组合工艺,构建"部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反硝化"(PNSAD)反应链实现深度脱氮除碳.设定3种不同的运行工况,工况Ⅰ将SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1～1.32)直接接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化系统,发现虽然实现了厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定运行,但联合工艺总氮(TN)去除率低于80%,出水TN约20mg·L~(-1).为在ABR内增加反硝化功能,向ABR反应器第三隔室添加反硝化污泥,于工况Ⅱ将SBR出水接入,发现耦合反应对TN去除率仍偏低若实现深度脱氮需在厌氧氨氧化后段补充碳源.故在工况Ⅲ调控SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=5)与部分原水混合(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=1.4;C/N=2.5),接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化系统不仅实现了厌氧氨氧化段基质的良好配比,也为反硝化提供了良好的有机碳源,整个工艺出水COD为50左右,TN在6以下,TN去除率达到95%.在SBR-ABR反应器内构建PN-SAD联合反应为废水深度脱氮除碳提供了理论基础.     

不同培养条件厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥性质及微生物群落结构差异

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和上升式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在不同运行条件下培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥性质和微生物群落的差异性.研究表明接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥经过EGSB和UASB反应器运行384 d后,均能实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径分别达到1.17 mm和1.21 mm,各范围(0.2、 0.2～1.5、 1.5～3和3 mm)的粒径占比为6.06%、 60.05%、 25.25%和8.64%, 7.40%、 58.90%、 32.04%和1.66%.扫描电镜结果表明不同运行条件下的污泥菌群均以短杆菌、球型菌为主.高通量测序结果表明,Shannon指数EGSB反应器为7.52高于UASB反应器为7.18;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是两个反应器各阶段污泥的主要菌门,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)从接种时的3.30%增到第384d的12.30%(EGSB)和13.30%(UASB).EGSB反应器中的主要厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus Brocadia占7.53%,其次为Candidatus Kuenenia属占1.61%;而在UASB反应器中Candidatus Brocadia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属分别占比为3.69%和7.54%,Candidatus Kuenenia是其优势厌氧氨氧化菌属.优势菌群丰度与环境因子变化存在联系,Candidatus Brocadia丰度与上升流速(v)、氮容积去除负荷(NRR)呈正相关而与水力停留时间(HRT)呈负相关,Candidatus Kuenenia与氮负荷去除率(NRE)、NRR、HRT呈正相关,而与v呈负相关.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.