膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

高蛋白有机废弃物厌氧消化系统稳定性及其耐氨氮机制解析

病死及自然灾害产生的大量畜禽尸体的不恰当处理处置会带来较为严重的环境卫生和公众安全隐患.本研究利用厌氧消化技术对畜禽尸体这类高蛋白有机废弃物的无害化处理进行尝试,旨在探索其适宜的有机负荷条件、系统的稳定性及潜在的氨抑制风险.研究表明高蛋白有机废物(以猪肉作为实验样品)作为厌氧消化基质时,系统稳定运行的有机负荷能够达倒(4.76±0.41)kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1);同时,VS降解率、单位体积沼气产率、单位添加VS沼气产率、单位降解VS沼气产率以及甲烷含量分别能达到95%、(3.72±0.21)L·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、(0.78±0.02)m~3·kg~(-1)、(0.82±0.02)m~3·kg~(-1)以及65%.在该条件下,TAN和FAN的浓度与系统产气性能没有直接线性关系,且在浓度高达5700 mg·L~(-1)和700 mg·L~(-1)时未呈现对系统的明显抑制作用.454高通量焦磷酸测序法对系统内古菌种群相对密度的分析结果表明,系统中氨抑制问题得到一定程度的缓解或者消除的原因可能为甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的优势地位并未受到明显影响,以及整个产甲烷菌种群在系统运行过程所得到的明显驯化.     

城市污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥调理脱水性能研究

通过在污水厂实地取样,首先用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(cationic polyacrylamide,CPAM)调理储泥池混合污泥与消化污泥,比较2种污泥投药前后的毛细吸水时间(capillary suction time,CST),发现消化污泥的CST明显小于储泥池的污泥。然后,检测这2种污泥的调理过程中Zeta电位的变化,并研究了挥发性悬浮物(volatile suspended solids,VSS)、总悬浮固体(total suspended solid,TSS)蛋白质、多糖以及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)总量对脱水效果的影响。结果表明投药后消化污泥脱水性能优于混合污泥,最佳投药量为4‰~4.5‰;污泥中VSS/TSS越高,污泥脱水效果越差;污泥中蛋白质含量是影响污泥脱水效果的重要因素之一,其含量低于26.5%时,污泥压滤后含水率随蛋白质含量升高而升高,但当蛋白质含量高于26.5%时,无明显变化规律。     

基于能源利用的市政污泥处置技术的发展研究

市政污泥是污水生物处理过程中产生的城市固废,产量巨大、污染严重."十三五"期间中国污泥无害化处理任务艰巨,常规的污泥处理处置在二次污染、占地、能耗等方面具有局限,影响了在中国的广泛应用.污泥的能源化利用是兼具污泥量削减和新附加值产生的发展方向,本文围绕当前市政污泥能源化的研究、应用领域的发展加以讨论,探讨了污泥能源利用的潜能和存在的主要问题.     

厌氧发酵产沼气过程中脱氢酶活性检测工艺及其优化

为了优化脱氢酶活性这一指标在厌氧发酵产沼气系统中的检测方法,分别以小麦秸秆、羊粪及其混合原料(质量比1∶1)为发酵底物,通过Box-Behnken试验及响应面分析法确定并优化了沼气发酵系统中碘硝基四唑紫法脱氢酶活性的检测工艺,并对脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,3种底物均以乙醇作为萃取剂,以甲醛作为终止剂时显色效果最好.分别以秸秆、粪便及其混合为发酵底物时,脱氢酶检测在pH值分别为6.5、7.2、7.7,反应温度均在37℃下,碘硝基四唑紫质量分数均为0.15%,反应时间均为50 min时比色效果最好.相关性分析显示,厌氧发酵产沼气系统中脱氢酶活性与甲烷产量相关性显著.     

Efficient treatment of azo dye containing wastewater in a hybrid acidogenic bioreactor stimulated by biocatalyzed electrolysis

In this study, a novel scaled-up hybrid acidogenic bioreactor(HAB) was designed and adopted to evaluate the performance of azo dye(acid red G, ARG) containing wastewater treatment. Principally, HAB is an acidogenic bioreactor coupled with a biocatalyzed electrolysis module. The effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT) and ARG loading rate on the performance of HAB were investigated. In addition, the influent was switched from synthetic wastewater to domestic wastewater to examine the key parameters for the application of HAB. The results showed that the introduction of the biocatalyzed electrolysis module could enhance anoxic decolorization and COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal. The combined process of HAB-CASS presented superior performance compared to a control system without biocatalyzed electrolysis(AB-CASS). When the influent was switched to domestic wastewater, with an environment having more balanced nutrients and diverse organic matters, the ARG, COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies of HAB-CASS were further improved, reaching 73.3% ± 2.5%, 86.2% ± 3.8% and 93.5% ± 1.6% at HRT of 6 hr, respectively, which were much higher than those of AB-CASS(61.1% ± 4.7%,75.4% ± 5.0% and 82.1% ± 2.1%, respectively). Moreover, larger TCV/TV(total cathode volume/total volume) for HAB led to higher current and ARG removal. The ARG removal efficiency and current at TCV/TV of 0.15 were 39.2% ± 3.7% and 28.30 ± 1.48 m A,respectively. They were significantly increased to 62.1% ± 2.0% and 34.55 ± 0.83 m A at TCV/TV of 0.25. These results show that HAB system could be used to effectively treat real wastewater.     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

The biological effect of metal ions on the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge

As a special biofilm structure, microbial attachment is believed to play an important role in the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge (AGAS). This experiment was to investigate the biological effect of Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, Zn^2 +, and K⁺ which are the most common ions present in biological wastewater treatment systems, on the microbial attachment of AGAS and flocculent activated sludge (FAS), from which AGAS is always derived, in order to provide a new strategy for the rapid cultivation and stability control of AGAS. The result showed that attachment biomass of AGAS was about 300% higher than that of FAS without the addition of metal ions. Different metal ions had different effects on the process of microbial attachment. FAS and AGAS reacted differently to the metal ions as well, and in fact, AGAS was more sensitive to the metal ions. Specifically, Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, and K⁺ could increase the microbial attachment ability of both AGAS and FAS under appropriate concentrations, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + were also beneficial to the microbial attachment of FAS at low concentrations, but Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + greatly inhibited the attachment process of AGAS even at extremely low concentrations. In addition, the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system, the content of extracellular polymeric substances and the relative hydrophobicity of the sludges were greatly influenced by metal ions. As all these parameters had close relationships with the microbial attachment process, the microbial attachment may be affected by changes of these parameters.     

城市污泥及蚓粪施用对生菜和土壤中重金属(Cr、Pb和Cd)积累的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了不同配比的城市生活污泥和蚓粪(污泥或蚓粪在混配土壤中的质量分数为10%、20%和30%(以干重计))施用于土壤后,对生菜和土壤中Cr、Pb和Cd三种重金属元素积累的影响,以期为污泥蚓粪的农用提供依据及指导。试验结果表明:无论何种比例的污泥和蚓粪,重金属Cr和Cd在生菜体内的含量均低于国家标准限值,而重金属Pb在生菜体内的含量均不同程度地高于国家标准限值,生菜体内的重金属含量从大到小依次为Pb>Cr>Cd。研究发现,无论施用污泥和蚓粪,大多数情况下重金属在生菜体内的含量以10%施用量处理组最高。20%配比的处理种植并收获生菜后,土壤重金属的含量显著低于10%和30%处理组土壤。     

污泥干燥动力学的研究进展

由于我国污泥产量巨大且成分复杂,安全处理措施相对有限,传统的处理方法难以满足现阶段的要求。干燥是使污泥急剧减容有效的方法之一,是污泥减量化、无害化处理的关键和资源化利用的前提。干燥动力学研究对污泥干燥工艺优化与干燥设备开发具有较大的指导意义。主要从干燥动力学特性、传热传质及干燥模型方程3方面对污泥干燥动力学进行了论述,着重介绍了其在污泥干燥中的研究进展与应用状况。最后从干燥应用技术方面出发,对污泥干燥动力学进一步提出了研究展望。