Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

应用Modified Gompertz模型对城市生活垃圾沼气发酵的拟合研究

尽管Modified Gompertz模型与料菌比和发酵浓度之间没有直接的函数和变量关系,但是料菌比和浓度的变化必然导致Modified Gompertz模型参数的改变,因此可以通过Modified Gompertz模型参数的变化特征对料菌比和发酵浓度是否适宜作出合理的评价.据此本研究将采用中温批量发酵,分别设计单因素...     

基于16S rDNA不同靶序列对厌氧ABR反应器微生物多样性分析的影响

在反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原菌的研究中,探讨了不同引物扩增16S rDNA靶序列对厌氧ABR反应器的活性污泥DGGE图谱多样性的影响,从反应器中提取污泥总DNA,以4对通用引物341F/534R、968F/1401R、63F/534R、341F/926R扩增16S rDNA序列,对指纹图谱的分辨率和种群多样性进行分析.研究表明,采用PBS洗涤污泥和超声振荡有利于硫酸盐还原污泥总DNA提取;不同引物DGGE图谱分析,群落多样性存在显著的差异,341F/534R和968F/1401R的靶序列分离效果较好,341F/926R分离效果一般,63F/534R分离的效果最差.341F/534R的DGGE图谱中条带丰富,多样性最好,968F/1401R的DGGE图谱次之,341F/926R的DGGE图谱条带一般,63F/534R图谱条带最少,多样性也较差.建议DGGE分析厌氧活性污泥样品时,同时采用引物341F/534R和968F/1401R是比较适宜的.     

Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺中前置缺氧池与厌氧池的微生物多样性分析

2005年4—8月采集了Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺调试过程中缺氧池和厌氧池中的活性污泥样品,直接提取样品的基因组DNA并纯化,对细菌16S rDNA的V₃高变区进行PCR扩增和DGGE分离,通过比较DGGE指纹的相似性来研究氧化沟的调试过程中微生物的变化情况. 结果表明,缺氧池中戴斯系数(Cs)最大值:4月为68.2%,5—6月为57.7%,8月为83.6%;厌氧池中Cs最大值:4月为64.8%,5—6月为62.7%,8月为71.5%. 缺氧池与厌氧池的微生物多样性均表现为先减少后增加的趋势. 两池间的微生物种群相似性逐渐降低,启动初期(4月)Cs最大值为80.5%;调试中期(5—6月)Cs最大值为60.8%;调试后期(8月)Cs最大值为59.3%. 好氧接种污泥在缺氧池和厌氧池中的驯化期为4个月左右.      

一株源于污泥浓缩池厌氧除磷菌的分离、鉴定及特性研究

采用浓缩池污泥为细菌分离的种泥,利用传统和现代微生物的分离、鉴定相结合手段,分离出一株源于污泥浓缩池的厌氧除磷功能菌(NA菌),从细菌形态、生理生化和16S rDNA三方面确定了所得细菌的分类地位,利用静态厌氧反应对其进行厌氧除磷特性初探. 结果表明:可将NA菌鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),该菌株同时具有反硝化和厌氧除磷产生磷化氢(PH₃)的双重功能. 随着培养时间的不断增加,NA菌总数,TP去除率和PH₃生成量分别由第7天的1.2×103 mL-1,7.66%和0.124 mg/L上升至第21天的1.7×104 mL-1,11.50%和0.465 mg/L,PH₃生成量与TP去除率,NA菌总数之间表现为同步一致的正相关关系,但由于未进行驯化,NA菌的厌氧除磷产生PH₃的能力较弱.      

厌氧反应器系统动力学模型构建方法学研究

以系统动力学的基本概念、方法为基础提出了存在于变量之间的3种基本关系模式,并在此基础上提出针对复杂系统的分块建模理论.将以葡萄糖为进水基质的厌氧反应器划分为3个子系统.确定了该系统的系统结构图,在此基础上构建厌氧消化系统的SD模型.根据分块建模的优势及特点,对模型中的3个子系统采用不同的计算方式,通过对比模拟结果表明,SD模型静态模拟结果与实验数据、传统结构模型模拟结果之间的误差<10%,动态模拟结果与实际趋势一致,说明SD模型的模拟结果是可信的.根据其特性,对取消物化子系统的简化模犁的模拟结果进行分析,表明根据不同的研究目的,选择合适的模型结构是必要的,采用系统动力学的分块建模方法有利于模型的简化与升级、减少计算量、提高模型的计算速度.     

废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化

为了更好地发挥产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合系统在废水厌氧发酵生产乙酸方面的优势,有必要寻找一种简单有效的方法以获得该系统产酸的优化条件.利用经过加热处理并活化的厌氧污泥作种泥,以模拟废水中的葡萄糖为底物,针对发酵时间、底物浓度、种泥浓度、初始pH进行4因素10水平均匀设计实验,得到了乙酸生产指标与产酸条件之间关系的回归方程;也得到了以高乙酸产量为主要目标导向同时兼顾高乙酸产率和高乙酸生产强度目标的优化条件;优化条件实验乙酸浓度比均匀设计中最高乙酸浓度提高20%左右.研究表明,将均匀设计应用于废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化,可以避免盲目性,迅速获得满意结果.     

山梨酸废水在ABR中的基质降解行为

稳态条件下,采用厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)处理山梨酸废水并进行基质降解动力学研究.实验表明,在污泥负荷为0.54～1.63 kg COD/(kg VSS·d)的范围内,COD去除率随着负荷的增加从85%降到55%.各隔室出水COD沿程递减,前3个隔室承担了去除COD的重要作用,但随着污泥负荷的增加,后部承担的COD去除率比例增大.基于各串联隔室完全混合的假定,推导ABR中山梨酸废水的基质降解动力学方程,并通过实验确定相关动力学参数及相应的动力学方程.实测值与预测值基本吻合.     

Assessing the biodegradation potential of polymers in screening- and long-term test systems

This paper presents a test scheme for assessing the biodegradation potential of polymers, starting with aquatic screening systems (aerobic and anaerobic) and continuing to long-term systems. At the end of the scheme the material has to prove its behavior under the relevant disposal conditions. Aerobic screening was performed mainly under aquatic conditions, but also in soil, using BOD-respirometry. Carbon balances were performed to obtain a better evaluation of the biodegradation potential. Under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation in an aquatic medium was followed by measuring CH₄ and CO₂ production. Polymers not fully degraded in the screening systems were tested in aquarium systems for at least 1 year. Biodegradation was followed by monitoring the DOC released in the water, mass loss, and microbial growth on the samples and in the water as well as via FTIR spectroscopy and SEM pictures. Results are presented for the polymers PHB, PHBV, PCL, Mater-Bi AI05H and ZF03U, and Bioceta. By combining the data from the screening with the aquarium system, a good picture of the degradation behavior of the polymers is obtained.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

A novel approach to treat combined domestic wastewater and excess sludge in MBR

Domestic wastewater was treated by combined anaerobic biofilm-aerobic membrane bioreactor(MBR) process, and part biomass in MBR was withdrawn, to treat with ozone, then the ozonated sludge was returned to anaerobic inlet. In aerobic MBR, MLSS and DO were controlled at 3000—3500 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L respectively. Comparing the experimental results of two stages, it was noticed that ozonation did not affect the removal efficiency for organics but had a significant influence on the removals of NHs-N and TN. During the ozonation period of two months, no excess sludge was wasted, and a zero sludge yield was obtained.