秋季典型光化学污染过程的分析

通过一个月的Ｏ３－ＮＯｘ同步观测和有关气象资料的分析,研究了光化学污染特点和及其和气象的关系,发现秋季的光化学污染过程,既有冬夏两季局地源产生和积累的机制,也有春季外来源造成的高浓度Ｏ３污染特点。Ｏ３的最大浓度和日最大值平均浓度分别为１６８．７μｇ／ｍ＾３和１１４．８μｇ／ｍ＾３。     

春季生物作用对山地岩溶池水地球化学特征的影响

岩溶水文系统对外界环境变化敏感,使得岩溶区水质存在昼夜、小时甚至分钟等尺度的变化.许多地表水体都会经历p H值、溶解性气体、微量元素以及其他水化学指标的昼夜变化.重庆金佛山水房泉及受其补给的水池地处海拔2 050 m的山地岩溶区,具有温带气候特征.通过对水房泉泉水(以下简称泉水)及水池进行为期3 d的昼夜监测,以期探究春季生物作用对岩溶池水地球化学的影响.研究发现,在昼夜时间尺度上,泉水地球化学指标基本稳定,未表现出昼夜变化,池水地球化学指标化学表现出了昼夜波动,但水温、溶解氧、p H值、电导率等物理化学指标昼夜变化幅度较小.在不同的天气条件下,水温、溶解氧、Cl-等昼夜变化幅度存在差别;池水二氧化碳分压(p CO2)、Ca2+、DIC白天降低、晚上升高,方解石饱和指数(SIc)相反;这些指标的变化受控于温度、碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解与沉淀、水生植物光合作用与呼吸作用;通过亨利常数的计算,发现水温变化对p CO2变化的影响仅占0.79%~10.01%,水温、碳酸盐岩沉淀等物理因素对DIC损失量的贡献率为39%,水生植物光合作用的贡献率为61%.     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

基于物理过程的矿区地下水污染风险评价

目前国内外所做的地下水污染风险评价的实例研究一般都是从地下水的脆弱性研究出发,并未过多地考虑特征污染物对污染后果的影响.脆弱性是环境对污染物的自然敏感性,而地下水污染评价中更应当体现出污染物在地下水中的迁移分布特性.为了完善地下水污染风险评价的理论和方法,以某尾矿区为例提出了基于物理过程的地下水污染风险评价方法,在污染发生之前,根据经济社会的敏感性条件和污染物将来可能的分布范围,事先划分各个污染风险等级在含水层空间上的分布范围,然后据此反推各个风险等级所对应的污染物源强,以此作为地下水污染风险评价等级的划分标准,通过对污染物在包气带和含水层中的运移进行数值模拟来评价尾矿区地下水的污染风险.结果表明,这种基于物理过程的地下水污染风险评价方法可以给出污染物浓度和风险水平在空间和时间上的分布规律,对于单个点状的污染场地来说,具有详尽的风险表征方式,优于以往基于含水层固有脆弱性指数法的风险评价方法,该方法适用于现有污染场地的风险评价、场地优化选址和为场地建设提供设计参数.     

硝基苯废水治理技术研究进展

综述了近年来硝基苯废水治理方法的研究进展．介绍了物理法、化学法和生物法在治理硝基苯废水中的不同作用，指出物化法与生物法相结合会成为根治硝基苯废水的理想方法。     

Landfill leachate treatment methods: A review

Landfilling of municipal waste is still a major issue of the waste management system in Europe. The generated leachate must be appropriately treated before being discharged into the environment. Technologies meant for leachate treatment can be classified as follows (i) biological methods, (ii) chemical and physical methods. Here we review briefly the main processes currently used for the landfill leachates treatments.     

人工甜味剂环境行为研究进展

人工甜味剂是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖取代物,由于人们对饮食健康的关注而被越来越广泛地应用于食品和饮料中.但是大多数人工甜味剂在人体内几乎不被代谢就随尿液和粪便直接排到生活污水中.近年,几种典型的甜味剂在水体中广泛被检出且浓度较高,同时研究发现部分甜味剂难以降解,因此人工甜味剂已被视为新型有机污染物而得到关注.本文就人工甜味剂在水处理设施中的行为及其在环境来源和分布的相关研究进行了综述,总结了水处理设施和水环境中甜味剂的污染特征规律,并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

专家系统在废水生物处理操作和控制中的应用

本文介绍了国外近二十年来专家系统在废水生物处理工艺控制领域的应用及开发的典型系统,分析了废水生物处理工艺难于控制的原因、各类系统的结构和特点及目前废水处理专家系统的不足,探讨了废水生物处理专家系统今后应深入研究的问题及方向     

Influencing resilience: the role of policy entrepreneurs in mainstreaming climate adaptation

One way to make development pathways more resilient in the face of a changing climate has been through mainstreaming adaptation into government policies, planning and sectoral decision‐making. To date, many of the transferable lessons have taken the form of technical approaches such as risk assessments and toolkits. This article instead draws on evidence from South Asia to emphasise some of the more tacit and informal approaches used to influence adaptation policy. Despite their apparent significance in policy processes, such tactics are often neither planned for nor well reported in resilience‐building projects and programme documents. Using evidence to populate a typology of influencing strategies, this article looks particularly at the role of policy entrepreneurs who navigate the political complexity of both formal and informal governance systems to promote successful adaptation mainstreaming. It concludes with recommendations for adaptation and resilience programming that can more effectively harness the breadth of influencing strategies.     

An ecological economics approach to the management of a multi-purpose coastal wetland

Three interrelated management problems—eutrophication of multiple use shallow lakes, sea level rise and flood risk mitigation and tourism pressures—are analysed in the context of an internationally important wetland area, the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads in the UK. The ecological-economic research findings presented should provide essential information to underpin the regulatory and management process in this internationally important conservation area. The relevant authority somehow has to integrate the maintenance of public navigation rights, nature conservation, and tourism promotion in a highly dynamic ecosystems setting. Because of the stakeholder conflicts, potential and actual, a more inclusionary decision-making procedure is required, and is currently being implemented.