长春市水环境生态系统服务功能价值评估

生态系统服务不是无偿提供的，而是用货币量算，价值不菲。对长春市水生态系统的5项服务功能进行估算累加。可以得出目前长春市水生态系统服务每年价值在62599．35万元之上。比1990年的水生态系统服务价值有所削减。也就是说，在过去10a间，长春市水生环境给人们提供的福利在减少。因为各技术和学科本身的局限，所得值只能作为决策者的参考，而更精确的结果需要更合理的方法和更深入广泛的研究。     

Measuring forest ecosystem sustainability: A resource accounting approach

A new environmental paradigm has emerged, reflecting a change in the public's understanding of resource sustainability. Forest policy makers need to be better informed about such changes to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in a manner that balances human needs and aspirations with ecosystem constraints. As an aid to this task, a forest resource accounting system based on the key concept of natural capital could help reshape forest policies to provide an even wider spectrum of benefits for both present and future generations by maintaining and enhancing the productive capacity of forest capital. Such a resource accounting system would provide a tool for integrating multidimensional information requirements in measuring the health of both forest ecosystems and economic systems. This paper outlines some of the features of this accounting system and proposes and framework that would integrate economic and ecological characteristics of natural resources. Forest resource accounting is urgently needed to achieve the sustainability goals of ecosystem management.     

The relationship of social capital and fishers’ participation in multi-level governance arrangements

The need for effective multi-level governance arrangements is becoming increasingly urgent because of complex functional interdependencies between biophysical and socioeconomic systems. We argue that social capital plays an important role in such systems. To explore the relationship between social capital and participation in resource governance arenas, we analyzed various small-scale fisheries governance regimes from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The components of social capital that we measured include levels of fishers’ structural ties to relevant groups and levels of trust in different entities (i.e. cognitive component). We collected data using surveys and interviews with residents of small-scale fishing communities adjacent to marine protected areas. We analyzed the data using a logistic regression model and narrative analysis. The results of our quantitative analysis highlight the multidimensional nature of social capital and reveals complex relationships between different types of social capital and fisher participation in monitoring, rulemaking and MPA design. Furthermore our qualitative analysis suggests that participation in fisheries conservation and management is not fully potentialized due to the social and historical context of participatory spaces in Mexico.     

论推进循环经济发展的"两个替代"

循环经济的终极目标。是以尽可能少的资源消耗创造尽可能高的社会福利。因此，我们应该以减物质化为首要原则，依靠人的发展，来实现经济增长和社会生活对自然资源的依赖程度下降。探讨了如何通过“两个替代”．即以服务流替代物质流，以人力资本替代自然资本．来改变原先那种过度消耗自然资源的经济生活方式。推进循环经济的发展。最后．对应“两个替代”的路径选择，提出了制度重构设想：①使价格体系正确反映资源稀缺程度和真实成本；②使市场主体为资源消耗和生态环境负责；③建立社会资谭投向机制。     

Incentives and barriers to environmental inequality mobilization: A case-study analysis in Wallonia,Belgium

Environmental inequality scholarship has sought to shed light on the unequal environmental conditions borne by poor people and racial minorities, and to challenge public policies. Most studies are concerned either with assessing the unequal distribution of environmental amenities and disamenities or with exploring the theoretical foundations of environmental justice movements.We propose an original approach to environmental inequality, focused not only on the unequal distribution of environmental burdens but also on two other types of factors: the capacity to mobilize and engage in community organizations on the one hand and the spatial dimension of environmental inequalities on the other.The evidence for this study is from an opinion survey carried out in 2012 with 1298 individuals. We use a two-step cluster analysis method to compute a classification system based on four categories of variables: socio-economic, environmental, spatial, and social capital.     

Tracing operational conditions for the Ecologically Sustainable Economic Development: the Pareto optimality and the preservation of the biological crucial levels

The operational designing of Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development (ESED) emerges as an urgent and demanding task. Even though ESED has paved the way for thought-provoking and constructive scientific dialogue, appeal for designing an operational ESED is still lagging behind the needs of contemporary societies, leaving much to be desired. With this in mind, the present paper will aim at delineating principles for the operational application of ESED. First, the preservation of crucial properties of environmental functions and ecosystems, emerges as a prime condition of ESED. The second condition concerns the provision of the economic process with sufficient natural inputs; in this context, the paper intends to trace certain operational tenets governing the use of natural resources. Finally, the appropriate institutional settings for the operational design of ESED are traced. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue     

巫山县大昌古镇拟选搬迁新址适宜性评价研究

大昌古镇始建于西晋太康年初,现保存较为完整的古镇建于明代。镇内目前保存完好的东、西、南三条街道,沿街多为具川东地区建筑风格的民居建筑,是重庆市著名的历史文化名镇。同时古镇又是三峡工程库区重庆段保存规模最大,结构最完整的古建筑群,为了更好地再现三峡库区古老的历史文化风貌,国家文物局经过充分论证和可行性研究,将其确定为“整体搬迁”项目。因此,对于大昌古镇搬迁新址的选择就成为本次保护工程的首要问题。对巫山县大昌古镇拟选的五处搬迁新址,在区域工程地质条件评价的基础上,综合环境、人文及地质等因素,建立了综合评估体系,并尝试性地对拟选的几处新址进行了客观的定性和半定量评价,为建设部门提供了决策依据。评估体系综合考虑了城市建设的适宜程度、工程建设投资的合理性、文物环境风貌的再生性及资源开发效益的合理性四方面影响单元,和与之密切相关的量化影响因子,建立了分层定量取值标准,采用加权平均原则,在单元评价的基础上完成了综合性评价。     

Community social capital and individual functioning in the post‐disaster context

Disasters can have severe and long‐lasting consequences for individuals and communities. While scholarly evidence indicates that access to social support can ameliorate their negative impacts, less understood is whether or not neighbourhood social capital can facilitate recovery. This study uses two waves of survey data—collected before and after a significant flood in Brisbane, Australia, in 2011—to examine the relationship between the severity of the event at the individual and neighbourhood level, access to neighbourhood social capital and individual‐level social support, and functioning in the post‐disaster environment. In line with previous research, the results indicate that the severity of the flood is the most salient predictor of post‐disaster functioning. No evidence was unearthed to show that neighbourhood social capital amassed before the flood leads to better functioning subsequently, but the findings do suggest that individual‐level social support can moderate the effect of flood severity on functioning.     

三种霾日统计方法的比较分析

为了研究单次值法、日均值法、14时值法3种常用的霾日和轻雾(雾)日统计结果的异同,以环首都圈京津冀晋四省市为例进行了比较.华北地区霾日用3种方法统计的过去60余年霾日的区域分布表明,3种方法统计的霾日是单次值法>日均值法>14时值法,大致是1:0.54:0.45的关系,但区域分布趋势比较相似.典型城市霾日的长期变化趋势大都十分相似.而轻雾(雾)日的长期变化趋势表明,用单次值法统计的明显偏多,且有长期下降趋势;而用日均值法与14时值法统计的轻雾(雾)日无大差别,且没有明显的长期变化趋势,反映了年季和年代季的气候波动.从长期季节变化趋势来看,3种统计方法的结果除日数的差别外,季节分布特征比较类似.一个突出的特点是除去采暖季有较多的霾日外,在盛夏季节霾日也明显多,集中出现在6~9月,尤其是7~8月,与桑拿天同期出现,这与全国大部分城市的变化趋势完全不同.是华北地区的特有现象.用单次值法统计霾日,将包括所有的霾过程,即大范围持续时间长,且与一定天气系统与近地层扩散条件相关连的霾,及在稳定的晴朗夜间由于辐射降温,使相对湿度升高而导致能见度下降形成的霾.用日均值法,则可能更多的显示长时间大范围的霾天气过程;而使用14时法,则对早晚因湿度增加降低能见度出现的霾天气漏记,突出长时间大范围的霾天气过程.     

Community‐based preparedness programmes and the 2009 Australian bushfires: policy implications derived from applying theory

The Victorian Country Fire Authority in Australia runs the Community Fireguard (CFG) programme to assist individuals and communities in preparing for fire. The objective of this qualitative research was to understand the impact of CFG groups on their members' fire preparedness and response during the 2009 Australian bushfires. Social connectedness emerged as a strong theme, leading to an analysis of data using social capital theory. The main strength of the CFG programme was that it was driven by innovative community members; however, concerns arose regarding the extent to which the programme covered all vulnerable areas, which led the research team to explore the theory of diffusion of innovation. The article concludes by stepping back from the evaluation and using both applied theories to reflect on broad options for community fire preparedness programmes in general. The exercise produced two contrasting options for principles underlying community fire preparedness programmes.