莱州湾南岸平原古河道及其与海（咸）水入侵关系研究

海（咸）水入侵作为莱州湾南岸平原的一种新的环境灾害,其发生、发展与该区广泛分布的古河道密切相关。本文研究了古河道的分布规律、沉积特征及分期,并重点探讨了其与海（咸）水入侵的密切关系。古河道是该区海（咸）水入侵的主要通道,古河道中海（咸）水入侵速度快、方式多、周期性变化明显,是灾情是严重、入侵变化最复杂的地貌单元;古河道又是防治海（咸）水入侵的天然工程,古河道砂层径流条件好,只要采取措施提高其地下淡     

某农药生产场地中特征POPs的环境风险研究

用钻探采样和布设地下水监测井的方法,监测了华东某农药厂DDTs生产场地土壤中DDTs和HCHs等POPs类有机污染物. 结果表明,场地特征污染物DDTs和HCHs是土壤污染健康风险的最主要来源. DDTs的风险普遍高于HCHs,DDTs致癌风险最高可达5.4×10-3,非致癌危害商可达130;HCHs致癌风险最高可达4.3×10-4. 三氯杀螨醇车间土壤中DDTs风险高于DDTs车间. DDTs车间的前3层遭受DDTs污染面积较大, 其区域基本涵盖了HCHs污染范围;第4～6层也有约一半的区域遭受DDTs污染,但HCHs的污染已处于风险可以接受的水平. 三氯杀螨醇车间的前3层普遍受到DDTs和HCHs较严重的污染,面积几乎涵盖了整个车间区域.      

建筑工地消防安全问题分析与对策

建筑工地的消防安全问题一直以来是社会关注的热点,文章分析了建筑工地存在的消防安全管理问题,提出了管理措施和对策。首先,建立健全消防安全制度,逐级落实消防安全责任;加强对建筑职工的消防安全教育培训和管理,提高消防安全意识;严格建筑工地施工期间的消防安全管理,加强消防安全防范措施;重点分析了对建筑外墙保温材料的选择使用和监督管理。对当前建筑工地的消防安全管理具有一定的指导意义。     

Full scale amendment of a contaminated wood impregnation site with iron water treatment residues

Iron water treatment residues are a free by-product with high concentration of iron oxides Iron water treatment residues has a large potential for arsenic sorption Soils are highly contaminated by arsenic at wood preservation sites Iron water treatment residues were added to hot spots contaminated with arsenic The addition led to significant decrease in leaching of arsenic from the contaminated soil Iron water treatment residues (Fe-WTR) are a free by-product of the treatment of drinking water with high concentration of iron oxides and potential for arsenic sorption. This paper aims at applying Fe-WTR to a contaminated site, measuring the reduction in contaminant leaching, and discussing the design of delivery and mixing strategy for soil stabilization at field scale and present a cost-effective method of soil mixing by common contractor machinery. Soil contaminated by As, Cr, and Cu at an abandoned wood impregnation site was amended with 0.22% (dw) Fe-WTR. To evaluate the full scale amendment a 100 m² test site and a control site (without amendment) were monitored for 14 months. Also soil analysis of Fe to evaluate the degree of soil and Fe-WTR mixing was done. Stabilization with Fe-WTR had a significant effect on leachable contaminants, reducing pore water As by 93%, Cu by 91% and Cr by 95% in the upper samplers. Dosage and mixing of Fe-WTR in the soil proved to be difficult in the deeper part of the field, and pore water concentrations of arsenic was generally higher. Despite water logged conditions no increase in dissolved iron or arsenic was observed in the amended soil. Our field scale amendment of contaminated soil was overall successful in decreasing leaching of As, Cr and Cu. With minor improvements in the mixing and delivery strategy, this stabilization method is suggested for use in cases, where leaching of Cu, Cr and As constitutes a risk for groundwater and freshwater.     

污染场地土壤中Cd人体可给性影响因素及对筛选值的影响

采用Unified bioaccessibility model (UBM) 模拟胃肠消化的方法测试了来自湖南、广西和大连12个污染土壤样品中Cd的人体可给性.结果显示,Cd在胃提取阶段的可给性为12.24%~81.10%,平均值为53.60%,肠提取阶段的可给性为2.01%~43.30%,平均值为19.74%.胃提取阶段的可给性浓度仅与总镉(TCd) (P<0.000, n=12)和总锰(TMn) (P=0.04, n=12)显著正相关,肠提取阶段的可给性浓度与TCd (P<0.001, n=12)、胃阶段Cd的可给性浓度(P<0.001, n=12)以及TMn(P=0.05, n=12)均显著正相关.胃阶段基于土壤中TCd和TP含量能较好的预测Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度,模型决定系数(R2)达到0.992,肠阶段基于Cd在胃阶段的可给性浓度及土壤pH值能较好的预测其在肠阶段的可给性浓度,R2达到0.999.考虑土壤中Cd在胃中的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的1.8倍(以可给性平均值计算)和1.2倍(以可给性最大值计算).考虑土壤中Cd在肠阶段的可给性时,居住及工商业情形下土壤筛选值分别提升至未考虑可给性时的5.0倍(以可给性平均值计算)和2.3倍(以可给性最大值计算).     

中国冶炼行业场地土壤污染特征及分布情况

通过收集大量国内各个地区冶炼场地的最新污染数据,试图从全国尺度范围进行分析,反映中国冶炼行业场地的土壤污染状况。运用污染指数评价法、潜在生态危害指数法和生物毒性评价法,以《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600—2018)的第一类用地标准值为参比,对土壤中重金属和有机物的污染特征及生态风险进行了分析。单因子指数结果表明:As、Pb、Cd和Ni的浓度均超过了土壤污染风险管制值,其中As的单因子指数为3.80;有机物的评价结果均为清洁。内梅罗指数结果表明:As、Pb、Cd和Ni的土壤污染风险管制值的评价结果为重度污染,且指数均大于35;二苯并(a,h)蒽的评价结果为警戒限,其余有机物的评价结果均为清洁。潜在生态风险评价表明:As具有很强的潜在生态风险,Cd有较强的潜在生态风险,多种元素的综合生态风险评价指数RI为409,具有较强的潜在生态环境风险。空间分布结果表明:南方地区的重金属潜在生态风险远高于西北地区和北方地区,其中潜在生态风险等级为很强的点位主要分布在贵州、湖南和江西等地区,且As和Cd的生态风险因子占据较高的比重。生物毒性评价表明:2-甲基萘、苊烯和二苯并(a,h)蒽将频繁地发生负面生态效应。贵州等南方部分地区的冶炼行业周边土壤已受到As和Cd等重金属的严重污染,应采取有效措施减少排放。该研究可为中国冶炼行业的污染防治提供科学依据和数据支撑。     

古树名木保护地方立法评析与建议

对我国出台的15部古树名木保护地方性法规和规章出台时间、主要内容进行了归纳分析。结果发现:法规和规章中存在着管理体制不顺、权责利不对等、处罚标准不合理等问题。在研究基础上,提出完善古树名木保护立法的建议:加快推进古树名木保护国家立法,逐步完善地方立法,进一步理顺保护管理体制,建立古树名木保护补偿制度,加强科学研究与技术推广等。     

用投影寻踪分类模型进行环境监测优化布点

为处理各单项环境监测指标优选结果的不相容问题,提出用投影寻踪分类模型(PPC-RAGA)进行环境监测优化布点的新方法.利用该模型可把监测点多维环境指标值综合成一维投影值,投影值越大表示该监测点的环境综合质量越差,根据投影值的大小就可对环境监测点样本集进行合理分类.采用实码加速遗传算法进行PPC-RAGA建模,简化了投影寻踪技术的实现过程,克服了目前投影寻踪技术计算复杂、编程实现困难的缺点,为投影寻踪技术在各种系统工程中的广泛应用提供了新的工具.应用实例表明,直接由样本数据驱动的PPC-RAGA模型用于环境监测优化布点,简便可行,计算结果稳健,适用性和可操作性强,在非线性、非正态高维数据分类中具有广泛的应用价值.     

Overview of waste disposal and landfills/dumps in Asian countries

Many cities in developing Asian countries face serious problems in managing solid wastes. The annual waste generation increases in proportion to the rises in population and urbanization. Asian countries with greater rural populations produce more organic waste, such as kitchen wastes, and fewer recyclable items, such as paper, metals, and plastics. Reliable data on solid waste compositions are difficult to obtain, and even if available, they are often not updated. We report the most recent waste composition data in some developing Asian countries. We suggest that a better classification system for landfills is needed to address inconsistencies in data for sanitary landfill sites versus waste dumps. We also discuss the information on waste disposal trends and problems associated with general solid waste management in developing Asian countries.     

Can David and Goliath Get Along? Federal Land in Local Places

It is often unclear what the role of a local jurisdiction is with regard to land use management on nearby federal properties. Yet federal lands clearly impact nearby local communities. The US Department of Energy (DOE), with over 100 sites across the United States with varying degrees of environmental contamination, may be in a very difficult position with regard to relationships with local government about land use. Yet few, if any, studies have examined DOE land use issues. This study asks: (1) In general, how do local planners feel about federal government relationships with them? (2) Do local planners feel differently about the DOE than they do about other federal agencies? (3) What reasons explain any differences observed in answer to the second question? To answer these questions, local planners were interviewed from communities adjacent to non-DOE federal properties, and their responses compared to those of planners located near DOE facilities in the same regions. Findings showed that compared to other federal agencies that own land in the same regions, the DOE is relatively poorer at actively involving local officials in land use decisions at its sites. Primary reasons are the historic legacy of a culture of secrecy, focus on mission, and especially the lack of experience, training, or mandates in local planning cooperation. Findings also suggest that this attitude is markedly stronger in areas west of the Rocky Mountains. Recommendations for improved federal–local communications include the development of a vision for local government involvement that is supported by top levels of management and filtered effectively to the site level.