海南省畜禽养殖污染及其治理分析

畜禽粪便中含有大量畜禽食粮后没有被完全转化的有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素,也含有可作为饲料营养物质,流失进入水体环境后会造成水质富营养化,降低河流水质功能。通过实测和估算,研究海南省畜禽养殖粪便产生的主要污染物及其对河流水体的影响情况,同时研究海南省处置畜禽粪便污染的效果。2002年海南省畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量分别为:COD量50.35万t、无机氮8.87万t、磷酸盐2.26万t;主要污染物入河量分别为:COD量19861t、无机氮1953t、磷酸盐365t。目前采用的好氧与厌氧沼气化处理处置畜禽粪便与污水效果较好,COD平均去除率为89%,氨氮平均去除率为88%,总磷平均去除率为75%。国内对畜禽养殖粪便的处理处置和污染问题也有不少研究,但像此文较系统性地研究畜禽养殖粪便污染及其治理问题却为鲜见,计算与估算的方法也与其它研究有所不同。     

北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变

干旱脆弱性研究为北方农牧交错带人地系统的“整合”研究提供了新思路与分析框架。论文运用VSD脆弱性评估框架,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度,以北方农牧交错带112个县域为研究单元,以2000、2008、2015年社会经济统计数据、气象数据、遥感影像数据为研究基础,运用模糊层次分析、空间热点探测分析和变异系数分析等方法,对各县域干旱脆弱性时空演变特征进行分析与总结。研究结论：1）研究区干旱脆弱性指数逐步降低,整体呈现东北地区低脆弱、西南地区高脆弱的空间格局。2）研究区暴露度指数先上升、后下降,且由东北向西南逐渐增高;敏感性指数先下降、后上升,呈现空间碎片化特征;适应能力指数逐步提高,呈现中部高度适应、东部中度适应、西部低度适应的格局。3）研究区干旱脆弱性差异度先增大、后减小,且呈现西、南部差异度大,东、北部差异度小的格局。4）研究区干旱脆弱性冷、热点个数增加明显,2000—2008年冷热点个数增加最明显;空间上,热点先由中部向西部蔓延,冷点由东部边界区向西部、南部扩展,形成了东部边界冷点集聚带和中、西部热点集聚区。     

免耕生态系统中土壤动物对土壤养分影响的研究

对紫色水稻土自然免耕生态系统中土壤动物群落结构的变化及其对土壤养分的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明．水稻土免耕耕作制度有利于土壤动物的生长繁殖．并能改善土壤化学性质。土壤动物平均密度是垄作免耕＞垄作常耕＞平作免耕＞平作常耕。免耕土壤中有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量均分别高于常耕土壤。     

Impact of aquacultures on the marine ecosystem: Modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth

In order to be used within Environmental Impact Assessment study, we have developed a three-dimensional particle tracking model for prediction of benthic carbon loading (BCL) caused by fish farms. The model is based on stochastic differential equations for particle transport consistent with the well-known semi-empirical advection/diffusion equation. It requires only easily obtainable input data in the form of measured current record, the source location and a specification of local bathymetry. The model accounts for advection by long-term residual and tidal currents, turbulent diffusion, realistic bathymetry and variations in daily (monthly or yearly) emissions from fish farm.Here, we concentrate on the changes in sedimentation pattern caused by various bathymetric shapes. Examination of idealized cases reveals where and why we can expect the worst impact on benthic communities. For future reference, these results will be included into guidelines for fish farming.     

南岳珍稀濒危动物的调查研究

在南岳野生动物中,珍稀濒危动物共有28种,一级1种,即黄腹角雉TragopanCaboti;二级23种,其中哺乳类5种,鸟类15种,两栖类2种;中国生物多样性保护行动计划优先保护名录二级动物1种;中国优先保护动物中国特有种(A级)4种.本文主要介绍了它们的分类位置、形态特征和在我国的分布,根据南岳现有的资源状况,提出了保护措施与对策.     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在GIS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明：规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t，以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高；整体来看，规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大，但由于养殖场的地理分布集中，造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高；由于过多施用化肥，中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大，根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”，为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁，需搬迁主要支流沿岸1km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries

Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH₃. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH₃. The current annual NH₃ emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH₃N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH₃ in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH₃ emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH₃ emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH₃N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH₃ loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH₃ volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH₃ associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr⁻¹ between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH₃ emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems.     

建立地震动物试验场推进地方地震事业发展

本文介绍了地震动物试验场建立、动物观测、数据处理和饲养管理等方面的工作,为动物习性异常与地震关系的研究积累了可贵的观测资料,对于动物的行为异常预报地震具有一定的参考价值。     

原730矿牧草中的总α、总β、铀、钍、镭-226的污染水平

原730铀矿周围环境,受到了一定程度的放射性污染,其牧草中的总α放射性比活度及铀、镭-226含量均明显高于对照区,但对该矿区周围草食动物的肉、奶剂量的估算,未超过国家食品中放射性物质限制标准,可以食用。     

南通市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2009年南通市畜禽养殖数据,估算南通市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便的环境效应进行评价.结果表明,2009年南通市畜禽粪便总排放量约为792.3万t,其中以生猪和鸡排放量较高,分别占总量的44.9％和27.0％.农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均为17.23 t/hm2,农田N、P养分负荷量分别为112.79 kg hm-2和34.86kg·hm-2,畜禽粪便所产生的环境问题已不容忽视.