填埋场复垦土壤动物群落及环境相关性研究

于春、秋两季在上海市南汇老港生活垃圾卫生填埋场采集18个土壤样品,分析土壤动物类群、数量及土壤环境因子,以探讨不同年代复垦土壤的动物群落学特征和常规环境指标间的相互关系,以反映填埋场土壤环境的恢复状况. 结果表明:随着复垦年代的增加,土壤动物数量、类群数相应增加;在土壤环境因子中,w(有机质),w(TN),w(TP),w(Cu),w(Zn),w(Pb)和w(Cd)均随土壤复垦年代的增加而增加,只pH呈相反趋势;除w(Cd)和pH外,其余各指标与土壤动物类群间呈不同程度的相关关系.      

动物性食品中PCBs的生物有效性及人体日暴露评估

通过测定上海市售动物性食品中PCBs的浓度和生物有效性,评估该地区PCBs的人体日暴露量.结果表明,不同种类食品中PCBs的浓度在未检出~3734.3pg/g(湿重)之间,3~6氯PCBs为主要同系物.鱼类中PCBs浓度高于畜类、禽类和软体类.鱼类PCBs的浓度水平遵循以下两规律:海水鱼>淡水鱼;肉食性鱼>杂食性鱼>草食性鱼.采用模拟人体胃肠消化过程测得PCBs的生物有效性,由于食品中脂肪含量与PCBs的生物有效性具有显著的线性关系,故可用于计算样品中PCBs的生物有效性.该地区居民每天通过动物性食品摄入的PCBs量为24439.3pg/d,以PCBs的生物有效性计量为5034.5pg/d.对不同暴露源(包括灰尘和大气颗粒物)的分析表明,鱼类是PCBs人体暴露的主要贡献者,约占人体PCBs日暴露的60%.     

Traditional agriculture in transition: a case of Har-ki Doon Valley (Govind Pashu Vihar Sanctuary and National Park) in Central Himalaya

Traditional crop diversity and landraces in agricultural land use in Himalaya have great significant for long-term sustainability of agroecosystems, together with conservation and management of the surrounding landscape. Traditional crop varieties and races, which evolved over time through trial and error, not only provide basic nutritional requirements, but also food security. Loss of crop biodiversity has taken place over recent years, principally and inadvertently related to changing lifestyle, growing demand for cash crops in regional markets and burgeoning apple farming, whose acreage has increased with a concomitant decline in area under traditional crops. For sustainable landscape development, on-farm conservation of traditional crop diversity is urgently needed. An empirical study was done to understand the causes and consequences of declines in crop biodiversity and production, effect of apple farming on traditional crops and changing lifestyles of traditional people.     

Evaluation of carrying capacity with particular reference to firewood and fodder resources in Central Himalaya: a case study of Baliya catchment

SUMMARY

The dwindling forests of the Central Himalaya are suffering from serious losses, threatening the subsistence population of the region. This study analyses the rate of consumption of fodder and firewood in a Central Himalayan catchment and estimates the carrying capacity of the catchment for these resources. Estimates indicate that the carrying capacity of the natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, in terms of availability of fodder and fuelwood resources, has already been exceeded.     

Considering extinction of dependent species during translocation, ex situ conservation, and assisted migration of threatened hosts

Translocation, introduction, reintroduction, and assisted migrations are species conservation strategies that are attracting increasing attention, especially in the face of climate change. However, preventing the extinction of the suite of dependent species whose host species are threatened is seldom considered, and the effects on dependent species of moving threatened hosts are unclear. There is no published guidance on how to decide whether to move species, given this uncertainty. We examined the dependent-host system of 4 disparate taxonomic groups: insects on the feather-leaf banksia (Banksia brownii), montane banksia (B. montana), and Stirling Range beard heath (Leucopogon gnaphalioides); parasites of wild cats; mites and ticks on Duvaucel's gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) and tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus); and internal coccidian parasites of Cirl Bunting (Emberiza cirlus) and Hihi (Notiomystis cincta). We used these case studies to demonstrate a simple process for use in species- and community-level assessments of efforts to conserve dependents with their hosts. The insects dependent on Stirling Range beard heath and parasites on tigers (Panthera tigris) appeared to represent assemblages that would not be conserved by ex situ host conservation. In contrast, for the cases of dependent species we examined involving a single dependent species (internal parasites of birds and the mite Geckobia naultina on Duvaucel's gecko), ex situ conservation of the host species would also conserve the dependent species. However, moving dependent species with their hosts may be insufficient to maintain viable populations of the dependent species, and additional conservation strategies such as supplementing populations may be needed.     

佛山市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2009年佛山市畜禽养殖数据,估算佛山市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便的环境效应进行评价。结果表明,2009年佛山市畜禽粪便总排放量约为332.35万t,其中以商品肉猪和鸡排放量较高,分别占总量的60.85%和14.10%。畜禽粪便中COD、BOD、NH3-N、TP和TN含量分别为97 004.17、92 782.79、7 929.77、7 850.56和18 382.88 t。农田畜禽粪便负荷量（以猪粪当量计）为74.07 t.hm-2,N、P养分负荷量分别为436.83和186.55 kg.hm-2,畜禽粪便产生的环境问题已不容忽视。     

洞庭湖退田还湖区畜牧业资源与环境评估

以洞庭湖流域3个选择畜牧业为替代产业的退田还湖示范堤垸为例,以氟、铬、镉、铅、汞和砷为主要检测指标,参照国家标准,分别对示范堤垸内与畜牧业密切相关的水、土壤与饲草饲料的质量进行了评估。结果表明,示范堤垸水环境化学指标除了大肠杆菌群落外,其余基本达到了无公害和绿色食品卫生标准中关于农田灌溉用水和养殖用水的规定;土壤中铬、镉、铅、汞和砷与氟的背景值均低于无公害和绿色食品标准规定的产地土壤环境指标;大部分饲料、饲草原料中氟、铬、镉、铅、汞和砷含量符合无公害或绿色食品卫生标准。示范堤垸水、土和饲料资源的良好环境背景状况为畜牧业向绿色或有机畜牧业方向发展奠定了自然条件与资源的基础。     

东北三省畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征

以东北三省土壤、水体的环境保护为出发点,基于研究区192个县畜禽养殖量数据,采用畜禽单元和养分排泄系数法,通过AD(畜禽养殖密度),粪便TN、TP耕地负荷来评估三期(2000年、2005年和2010年)不同尺度(省、县和流域)下畜禽养殖的潜在环境风险,并对其环境风险进行综合评价. 结果表明:①三期东北三省畜禽养殖的环境风险在2005年最为显著,基中AD达到Ⅲ级(AD>2.00 AU/hm2)的县市高达54个,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷达到Ⅳ级水平的县市共有50个,2010年有所缓解,而2000年最低;②三省中辽宁省畜禽养殖的环境风险最高(三期该省AD均大于2.00 AU/hm2,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷均分别在115和15 kg/hm2以上),吉林省次之,黑龙江省较低;③分县畜禽养殖密度及粪便TN、TP耕地负荷较高的区域主要集中在松花江水系南部以及辽河流域的大部分地区,具体行政区域为吉林省中南部和辽宁省大部,而黑龙江省有继续发展的空间.      

宜兴市莲花荡水系整治工程前后生态健康评价

以入太湖莲花荡水系为研究对象,结合2015年4个季度9个采样点的水质学、生物学共7个指标生态调查数据,采用多指标综合评价法,从生物完整性、化学完整性2个方面评价了莲花荡水系整治工程前后的生态健康状况。结果表明,2015年第1、2季度健康状况较差,健康的样点个数分别为3和1,在2015年6月开展清淤工程及集约化畜禽产业整改后,3、4季度健康状况明显改善,健康样点个数分别达到9和7。影响莲花荡水系化学完整性的主要水质指标是TN、TP,3、4季度TN仍超出地表水Ⅴ类标准,处于严重病态,TP为地表IV类标准,处于病态。影响莲花荡水系生物完整性的主要因子是底栖动物,仅监测到20种耐污能力较高的底栖动物物种,而未发现清洁物种。为了进一步改善莲花荡水系生态健康状况,建议开展沿岸农村生活污水的截污治理、农业面源的生态拦阻等污染源控工程,辅以生态岸带建设及湖滨带生态修复等工程。     

The perils of flawed science in wildlife trade literature

Despite broad scientific consensus that sustainable use of wildlife can enhance conservation efforts, ethical concerns have led some community groups to oppose use of wild animals. Voicing those concerns is legitimate, but underlying philosophical bias should not influence science-based analysis and interpretation. We argue that philosophical biases are common in the scientific literature on trade in wildlife. The critically important case of bias surrounding the use of reptile leathers for luxury fashion illustrates the problem. Based on analysis of official seizures of fashion products made from wildlife, a recent study inferred that criminal activity (as inferred by noncompliance with regulations) was common and increasing and, hence, that authorities needed to adopt more stringent restrictions on the trade. In fact, the conclusions of that study are artifacts of pseudoreplication (e.g., multiple counts of single violations) and biased sampling (e.g., focus on companies with high rates of error) and run directly opposite to actual patterns in the data. As a proportion of overall trade, rates of noncompliance are exceptionally low (<0.4%), are declining, and result primarily from paper-work errors rather than criminal intent (e.g., such errors are more frequent for goods shipped by government authorities than by the commercial fashion industry). The recommendation by the study authors to prohibit the international trade in wildlife-based fashion products is imperiling a sustainable trade that can benefit biodiversity and people's livelihoods by providing financial incentives for conservation of species and habitats. This example offers a warning of the dangers of basing research on the wildlife trade on ethical or philosophical positions rather than objective evaluations of evidence.