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211.
C. D. Heatwole P. L. Diebel J. M. Halstead 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(1):25-34
ABSTRACT: A combined economic and water quality modeling framework was used to evaluate impacts of alternative policies and management practices on reducing nitrate movement to groundwater for dairy farms in Rockingham County, Virginia. The analysis considers three on-farm manure storage options, cost-sharing programs for purchasing manure storage facilities, restrictions on nitrogen application rates, and a tax on commercial fertilizer. The CREAMS model was used to estimate nitrate leaching from the crop root zone for various nutrient (and manure) management practices, based on timing and rate of manure and fertilizer applications. The mixed-integer programming economic model considers water quality, policy, and economic constraints in comparing the profitability of alternative cropping and nutrient management systems that reduce groundwater contamination potential. The study provides both the environmental and economic effects of better management of dairy waste. 相似文献
212.
I. Anna S. Olsson Christian Gamborg Peter Sandøe 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(1):37-46
Animal welfare and the ethical issues it raises have been discussed intensively for a couple of decades. The emphasis has
been on the direct effects of housing and husbandry, but more attention is now being given to problems originating in selective
breeding. European attempts to adjust animal welfare legislation to deal with these problems have been largely unsuccessful,
but the fact that selective breeding can introduce welfare problems continues to place an ethical responsibility on the animal
breeding industry. Since breeding decisions are made centrally and, increasingly, internationally, strategic change is only
likely to occur if it is embedded in an international agreement of some kind. The aim of this paper is to describe the key
ethical issues facing animal breeding and assess the suggestion that the breeding industry itself can deal with ethical issues
by means of an ethical code. Results from recent projects involving commercial breeding enterprises are presented. 相似文献
214.
施用鸡粪和猪粪对2种土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的影响 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
在水稻土和赤红壤中分别以质量分数2%和4%施人含As、Cu和Zn的鸡粪和猪粪,以不施肥为对照(CK)进行通菜盆栽试验,研究施入鸡、猪粪对土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的影响.结果表明,施用鸡、猪粪几乎均比CK显著提高通菜地上部生物量,而且水稻土中生物量显著高于赤红壤.施用粪肥显著提高通菜As含量和As吸收量,呈高量处理>低量处理、猪粪>鸡粪处理且在水稻土>赤红壤的规律.除水稻土中Cu含量外,施用粪肥也显著提高通菜Cu、Zn含量及吸收量.通菜收获后,所有处理土壤总A6含量比试验前稍微降低、有效As含量及有效As占总As质量分数则大幅下降,但几乎所有粪肥处理土壤Cu和Zn的总含量、有效含量及有效质量分数均提高.与CK相比,粪肥处理土壤总As、有效As分别提高0.3~3.0 mg·kg-1和0.01~0.034 mg·kg-1,有效As质量分数增加0.033~0.178个百分点;总Cu、有效Cu提高3.1~30.4 mg·kg-1和5.2~19.4 mg·kg-1,有效Cu质量分数增加1.2~34.1个百分点;土壤总Zn、有效Zn提高-10.6~79.6 mg·kg-1和4.0~65.9 mg·kg-1,有效Zn质量分数增加1.0~64.2个百分点.如以土壤重金属有效含量增量及有效质量分数提高来评价其有效性变化,则粪肥提高土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的作用为高量处理>低量处理且在赤红壤中作用大于水稻土. 相似文献
215.
Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from
sandy agricultural soils 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N (TKN), organic matter-associated N (OM-N), NO3- -N, and NHn+-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn+-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use. 相似文献
216.
217.
Fred Gifford 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(3-4):249-257
The public attitude to animal use in Australia and New Zealandcan be inferred from survey results and political activity. The publicis concerned about the rights of animals as far as any uses causing painare concerned, but takes a more utilitarian view of the taking of lifewhere no suffering is involved. Many of the participants in two recentANZCCART conferences fall short in their knowledge of and attitudetoward these concerns. Animal welfare legislation and standards need tobe reformed so that painful animal use is eliminated, even if economicgrowth suffers as a result. 相似文献
218.
219.
动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×105 ~4.90×106 copies·m-3和4.27×108 ~1.15×1010 copies·g-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium),而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属([Ruminococcus]_torques_group)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×107 copies·d-1和2.87×105 copies·d-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据. 相似文献
220.
Relationships between Human Disturbance and Wildlife Land Use in Urban Habitat Fragments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LISA MARKOVCHICK-NICHOLLS HELEN M. REGAN‡§ DOUGLAS H. DEUTSCHMAN ASTRID WIDYANATA BARRY MARTIN† LANI NOREKE† TIMOTHY ANN HUNT† 《Conservation biology》2008,22(1):99-109
Abstract: Habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open‐space needs of human populations. Nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. Hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. We used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and information on human activity and environmental factors associated with anthropogenic disturbance in 12 habitat fragments across San Diego County, California, to examine the relationships among habitat fragment characteristics, human activity, and wildlife presence. There were no significant correlations of species presence and abundance with percent plant cover for all species or with different land‐use intensities for all species, except the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), which preferred areas with intensive development. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) were associated significantly and positively and significantly and negatively, respectively, with the presence and prominence of utilities. Woodrats were also negatively associated with the presence of horses. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were associated significantly and negatively and significantly and positively, respectively, with plant bulk and permanence. Cougars and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were negatively associated with the presence of roads. Roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) were positively associated with litter. The only species that had no significant correlations with any of the environmental variables were black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Bobcat tracks were observed more often than gray foxes in the study area and bobcats correlated significantly only with water availability, contrasting with results from other studies. Our results appear to indicate that maintenance of habitat fragments in urban areas is of conservation benefit to some animal species, despite human activity and disturbance, as long as the fragments are large. 相似文献