海南省畜禽养殖污染及其治理分析

畜禽粪便中含有大量畜禽食粮后没有被完全转化的有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素,也含有可作为饲料营养物质,流失进入水体环境后会造成水质富营养化,降低河流水质功能。通过实测和估算,研究海南省畜禽养殖粪便产生的主要污染物及其对河流水体的影响情况,同时研究海南省处置畜禽粪便污染的效果。2002年海南省畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量分别为:COD量50.35万t、无机氮8.87万t、磷酸盐2.26万t;主要污染物入河量分别为:COD量19861t、无机氮1953t、磷酸盐365t。目前采用的好氧与厌氧沼气化处理处置畜禽粪便与污水效果较好,COD平均去除率为89%,氨氮平均去除率为88%,总磷平均去除率为75%。国内对畜禽养殖粪便的处理处置和污染问题也有不少研究,但像此文较系统性地研究畜禽养殖粪便污染及其治理问题却为鲜见,计算与估算的方法也与其它研究有所不同。     

利用藻类养殖技术处理有机废水与人畜废物

未经处理而排放的有机废水及人畜废物会给环境造成严重污染,同时也造成了大量的资源浪费。利用藻类养殖技术处理这些废弃资源,既改善了环境又可生产出优良的藻类产品,具有巨大的社会与经济效益。本文对该领域的特点、具体应用及其前景作了较为详细的论述。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速测定动源性食品中五种生物毒素

利用高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速测定动源性食品中黄曲霉毒素B₁、黄曲霉毒素B₂、黄曲霉毒素G₁、黄曲霉毒素G₂、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等5种生物毒素.样品经甲醇-水（60：40）超声提取,以Accucore RP-MS（100 mm×2.1 mm,2.6 μm）色谱柱为分析柱,乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,在Full MS-ddMS2正离子扫描模式下,快速对动源性食品中的目标化合物进行定性定量检测.实验结果表明,在分辨率为70000,扫描范围50—500 m/z内,5种生物毒素的线性相关系数均大于0.99,基质加标回收率范围为73.1%—94.7%,相对标准偏差RSD（n=6）为1.8%—6.9%.     

Participatory Planning of Interventions to Mitigate Human–Wildlife Conflicts

Abstract: Conservation of wildlife is especially challenging when the targeted species damage crops or livestock, attack humans, or take fish or game. Affected communities may retaliate and destroy wildlife or their habitats. We summarize recommendations from the literature for 13 distinct types of interventions to mitigate these human–wildlife conflicts. We classified eight types as direct (reducing the severity or frequency of encounters with wildlife) and five as indirect (raising human tolerance for encounters with wildlife) interventions. We analyzed general cause‐and‐effect relationships underlying human–wildlife conflicts to clarify the focal point of intervention for each type. To organize the recommendations on interventions we used three standard criteria for feasibility: cost‐effective design, wildlife specificity and selectivity, and sociopolitical acceptability. The literature review and the feasibility criteria were integrated as decision support tools in three multistakeholder workshops. The workshops validated and refined our criteria and helped the participants select interventions. Our approach to planning interventions is systematic, uses standard criteria, and optimizes the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities. We argue that conservation action generally will be more effective if the relative merits of alternative interventions are evaluated in an explicit, systematic, and participatory manner.     

Impact of aquacultures on the marine ecosystem: Modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth

In order to be used within Environmental Impact Assessment study, we have developed a three-dimensional particle tracking model for prediction of benthic carbon loading (BCL) caused by fish farms. The model is based on stochastic differential equations for particle transport consistent with the well-known semi-empirical advection/diffusion equation. It requires only easily obtainable input data in the form of measured current record, the source location and a specification of local bathymetry. The model accounts for advection by long-term residual and tidal currents, turbulent diffusion, realistic bathymetry and variations in daily (monthly or yearly) emissions from fish farm.Here, we concentrate on the changes in sedimentation pattern caused by various bathymetric shapes. Examination of idealized cases reveals where and why we can expect the worst impact on benthic communities. For future reference, these results will be included into guidelines for fish farming.     

赣南典型稀土矿区周边土壤和动植物产品中稀土元素组成特征及其健康风险评价

通过野外取样调查和室内ICP-MS测定,研究了赣南典型稀土矿区周边土壤、动植物产品中稀土元素的组成特征,并评价了稀土元素对人体的健康风险.结果表明,赣南稀土矿区周边土壤稀土平均含量为402.74±200.03 mg·kg^-1,分别是全国土壤稀土含量均值及世界土壤稀土中值的2.28倍和2.08倍;植物产品稀土平均含量为343.48 μg·kg^-1;动物产品稀土平均含量为460.00 μg·kg^-1;土壤、植物产品和动物产品中Ce含量最高,占总稀土比重分别为34.22%、35.31%和62.95%;其中轻稀土元素所占比重分别为75.29%、75.17%和75.82%.当地居民每日通过动植物产品摄入稀土元素日量为3.95-30.49 μg·kg^-1·d^-1,均值为10.36 μg·kg^-1·d^-1,均远低于稀土元素对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值（110 μg·kg^-1·d^-1）,表明赣南矿区周边动植物产品中稀土元素不会对消费者产生健康风险.     

江苏省丰、沛、铜重氟病区动物体中氟的含量及其与环境的关系

丰、沛、铜重氟病区,禽、畜体内氟主要积聚在骨骼中（羊骨1096×10^－6～2001.9×10^－6,鸡骨335×10^－6～378×10^－6）及生理功能强的内脏（肝、心、肾等）器官中,氟的含量3.3×10^－6～7.17×10^－6,肌肉和蛋、奶品中氟的含量大多接近或低于氟的卫生标准,显然肉、蛋、奶食品不是该区地氟病的致病因子。研究表明,动物体内氟含量与环境水氟及叶菜和树叶（含水分高）中的氟含量呈明显的正相关。因而造成食草动物比以食粮食为主的家禽体内的氟含量明显偏高。说明水是氟的传播媒界,为该区地氟病的主要致病因子。     

施用鸡粪和猪粪对2种土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的影响

在水稻土和赤红壤中分别以质量分数2%和4%施人含As、Cu和Zn的鸡粪和猪粪,以不施肥为对照(CK)进行通菜盆栽试验,研究施入鸡、猪粪对土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的影响.结果表明,施用鸡、猪粪几乎均比CK显著提高通菜地上部生物量,而且水稻土中生物量显著高于赤红壤.施用粪肥显著提高通菜As含量和As吸收量,呈高量处理>低量处理、猪粪>鸡粪处理且在水稻土>赤红壤的规律.除水稻土中Cu含量外,施用粪肥也显著提高通菜Cu、Zn含量及吸收量.通菜收获后,所有处理土壤总A6含量比试验前稍微降低、有效As含量及有效As占总As质量分数则大幅下降,但几乎所有粪肥处理土壤Cu和Zn的总含量、有效含量及有效质量分数均提高.与CK相比,粪肥处理土壤总As、有效As分别提高0.3～3.0 mg·kg-1和0.01～0.034 mg·kg-1,有效As质量分数增加0.033～0.178个百分点;总Cu、有效Cu提高3.1～30.4 mg·kg-1和5.2～19.4 mg·kg-1,有效Cu质量分数增加1.2～34.1个百分点;土壤总Zn、有效Zn提高-10.6～79.6 mg·kg-1和4.0～65.9 mg·kg-1,有效Zn质量分数增加1.0～64.2个百分点.如以土壤重金属有效含量增量及有效质量分数提高来评价其有效性变化,则粪肥提高土壤As、Cu和Zn有效性的作用为高量处理>低量处理且在赤红壤中作用大于水稻土.