中国农牧交错区土地利用变化空间格局与驱动力分析

以遥感与GIS为技术支撑,运用专家知识,结合实际,从农牧交错区的实质出发,定量地计算出我国的农牧交错区。在此基础上,分析我国农牧交错区近10年的耕地、草地变化的空间格局。整个农牧交错区的耕地以变林地、草地为主。耕地的变化以内蒙古的变化为大,主要分布于它的中、东部地区。草地主要以变耕地、城镇为主,分布于内蒙古与东北三省接壤处。最后探讨这种格局的成因。耕地变化受经济发展、人口增加、农业结构等驱动,主要表现为人文作用。草地变化受人为与自然的驱动,主要为人类活动的影响,表现为经济发展与草地过牧。     

热碱-分步酶水解-厌氧消化工艺处理秸秆畜粪混合物料及其甲烷高值化条件

为获得秸秆畜粪混合物料在厌氧消化过程中的甲烷高值化产出,提出了一种新型"热碱-分步酶水解-厌氧消化"组合工艺.以玉米秸秆和牛粪混合物料作为实验对象,考察物料中纤维素、半纤维素、蛋白质获得高溶出效率的热碱预处理条件;分步投加纤维素酶和蛋白酶的剂量及水解时间;热碱预处理后的混合浆液和热碱-酶水解后的混合水解液厌氧消化甲烷产率及产气周期.结果表明,在80℃和0. 5%Na OH碱用量条件下,纤维素、半纤维素和蛋白质的溶出效率(%TS)最高,与未预处理相比(对照组),分别提高24. 84%、12. 24%和8. 92%;分步酶水解的过程和条件为:先投加80 U·g-1的纤维素酶水解18 h,再投加20 U·g-1的蛋白酶水解4 h,纤维素和蛋白质的水解效率可分别达到74. 08%和74. 01%,获得的水解液中糖类提高12～32倍;在厌氧消化阶段,热碱-酶水解后的水解液甲烷产量最高值可达750 m L·h-1,产气周期50 h,相比于热碱预处理后的底物消化(对照组),产甲烷效率提高了约14倍,产气周期缩短了约17 d.热碱-酶水解预处理能有效地解除混合物料厌氧消化过程的水解限速,研究结果可以为开发高效的农业废弃物能源高值化利用技术提供参考依据.     

对比研究槽式堆肥处理不同畜禽粪便对植物毒性的影响

为揭示槽式堆肥过程中不同畜禽粪便堆肥理化性质的变化及其对植物毒性的影响,分别开展了以羊、牛、鸡、猪粪便与木屑为堆料、为期44 d的好氧槽式堆肥对比试验,采集了不同堆肥期的堆肥样品,测定了堆肥的pH、电导率（EC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、全氮（TN）、碳氮比（C/N）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）含量及水堇的相对生长指数（RGI）和种子发芽指数（GI）,并通过相关分析和线性回归拟合,分析了堆肥过程粪便对水堇种子植物毒性的影响机制.结果表明,槽式堆肥过程中,羊粪的高温期持续时间最长,牛粪其次,猪粪和鸡粪最短;堆肥结束时4种粪便均呈弱碱性.堆肥过程中猪粪和鸡粪的EC降低,其他粪便的EC变化幅度较小,各粪便的DOC、NH₄⁺-N含量降低,NO₃^--N、TP、TK、Cu和Zn含量增加,牛粪和鸡粪的C/N逐渐降低,而猪粪和羊粪的C/N呈先升后降的趋势,羊粪和猪粪的TN含量下降,鸡粪和牛粪的TN含量缓慢上升.堆肥过程中4种粪便对水堇种子的植物毒性均降低,且RGI和GI升幅由高到低为：牛粪 > 羊粪 > 鸡粪 > 猪粪.相关分析表明,堆肥过程中羊粪的TP、Cu、Zn,牛粪的Zn、TK、TP、NO₃^--N,鸡粪的NO₃^--N、TN、Cu,猪粪的NO₃^--N、TP、Zn、TK与RGI呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;而羊粪的Cu、TP、TK,牛粪的Zn、TK、TP,鸡粪的Cu、TN、NO₃^--N、TK,猪粪的TP、Zn、NO₃^--N与GI呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.由此表明,不同粪便堆肥的以上指标促进了植物的根伸长和种子发芽.但堆肥过程中羊粪的NH₄⁺-N、TN、DOC,牛粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、C/N、EC,鸡粪的C/N、EC、DOC,猪粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、EC与RGI呈显著负相关（p<0.01）;羊粪的NH₄⁺-N、TN、DOC,牛粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、C/N,鸡粪EC、DOC、C/N,猪粪的NH₄⁺-N、DOC、EC与GI呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此表明,不同粪便的以上指标显著抑制了植物的根伸长和种子发芽.多元回归分析说明,堆肥过程羊粪和牛粪的NH₄⁺-N,鸡粪的NO₃^--N、Cu、C/N和EC,猪粪的NO₃^--N和TK对水堇种子根伸长具有显著的影响,而羊粪的NH₄⁺-N和TK,牛粪的DOC、pH和EC,鸡粪Cu、TN和NO₃^--N,猪粪的TK对水堇种子发芽具有显著的影响.以上对比研究结果可为不同畜禽粪便槽式堆肥处理和土地利用提供重要的理论依据和决策支持.     

农药污染对土壤动物群落影响的实验研究

通过敌敌畏农药污染的模拟实验,研究了农药污染对土壤动物的影响。结果表明:随着敌敌畏农药处理浓度的提高,土壤动物种类数从低浓度(0.04mL/L)的53属(科)减少至高浓度(10mL/L)的26属(科);个体数则从低浓度占全捕量的14.1%减少到高浓度仅占全捕量的2%;而随处理时间的延长,对土壤动物的影响不太明显;大型土壤动物蚯蚓的染毒实验表明:蚯蚓可作为农药污染的重要指示动物。      

呼兰县畜牧生态环境建设现状及其对策的研究

主要介绍呼兰县近几年畜牧生态环境建设中存在的问题,对主要问题进行科学分析,并提出相应的对策。     

Parasites as conservation tools

Parasite success typically depends on a close relationship with one or more hosts; therefore, attributes of parasitic infection have the potential to provide indirect details of host natural history and are biologically relevant to animal conservation. Characterization of parasite infections has been useful in delineating host populations and has served as a proxy for assessment of environmental quality. In other cases, the utility of parasites is just being explored, for example, as indicators of host connectivity. Innovative studies of parasite biology can provide information to manage major conservation threats by using parasite assemblage, prevalence, or genetic data to provide insights into the host. Overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change are major threats to animal conservation, and all of these can be informed by parasites.     

A critical review of the compassionate conservation debate

Compassionate conservation holds that compassion should transform conservation. It has prompted heated debate and has been criticized strongly. We reviewed the debate to characterize compassionate conservation and to philosophically analyze critiques that are recurring and that warrant further critical attention. The necessary elements of compassionate conservation relate to the moral value of sentient animals and conservation and to science and conservation practice. Although compassionate conservation has several nontraditional necessary conditions, it also importantly allows a degree of pluralism in values and scientific judgment regarding animals and conservation practice. We identified 52 specific criticisms from 11 articles that directly critique compassionate conservation. We closely examined 33 of these because they recurred regularly or included substantial questions that required further response. Critics criticized compassionate conservation's ethical foundations, scientific credentials, clarity of application, understanding of compassion, its alleged threat to conservation and biodiversity. Some criticisms, we found, are question begging, confused, or overlook conceptual complexity. These criticisms raise questions for critics and proponents, regarding, for example, equal versus differential intrinsic moral value of different sentient animals (including humans), problems of natural and human-caused suffering of wild animals and predation, and the acceptability of specific conservation practices within compassionate conservation. By addressing recurring and faulty critiques of compassionate conservation and identifying issues for compassionate conservation to address, this review provides a clearer basis for crucial ongoing interdisciplinary dialogue about ethics, values, and conservation.