动物饲料中砷、铜和锌调查及分析

在广东省采集市售鸡、猪配合饲料样本70个和76个,调查评价其中砷、铜、锌形态和含量,并考察常用有机胂添加剂洛克沙胂(ROX)的稳定性.结果表明,鸡、猪料平均总As含量分别为3.6 mg·kg-1和6.5 mg·kg-1,总Cu含量为18.2 mg·kg-1和119.4 mg·kg-1,总Zn含量为124.6 mg·kg-1和486.2 mg·kg-1.按照国家相关限量标准,如考虑到可能添加了有机胂,饲料总As超标现象较少,猪料Cu、Zn超标现象较为普遍.Zn、Cu、As在饲料中添加量较高成为它们在禽畜粪中残留较高的根本原因.另外,有25.4%的饲料样本检出有机胂,且普遍同时含有As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)杂质.检出ROX和阿散酸(p-ASA)含量平均分别为7.0 mg·kg-1和21.2 mg·kg-1.鸡、猪料中各有24.3%和26.3%的样本检出有机胂.鸡料中常用ROX,而猪料常用p-ASA.ROX及其无机砷杂质在添加剂和饲料中均在室温至少30 d内保持形态稳定,说明饲料中较高含量的无机砷杂质很可能源自有机胂添加剂中的砷杂质.对相关从业人员而言,这是一种新的砷暴露途径.     

西南丘陵区保护性耕作下小麦农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田土壤呼吸的影响,采用LI6400-09呼吸室在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)这4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中小麦作物生长季节的土壤呼吸及其水热生物因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明,小麦生殖生长阶段农田土壤呼吸速率变化范围为1.100～2.508μmol.(m2.s)-1,各处理的土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为RS>R>TS>T.各处理10 cm土层的土壤温度表现为T>R>TS>RS.土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系符合指数函数,Q10值分别为1.25、1.20、1.31和1.26.5 cm土层的土壤含水量高低排序为TS>RS>T>R.土壤水分与土壤呼吸以抛物线曲线拟合最好,说明存在土壤呼吸最强的土壤含水量点,本研究得出小麦生殖生长阶段在土壤含水量的响应阈值为14.80%～17.47%.土壤动物中优势类群为弹尾目和螨目,与土壤呼吸存在一定相关性,对照处理和垄作下相关性高,而秸秆覆盖的处理土壤呼吸与土壤动物没有明显的相关性.     

牛眼虹膜定位算法研究及其在肉食品追溯系统中的应用

为实现动物个体的精确鉴别,提高肉食品的安全性,将动物虹膜识别技术引入到肉食品供应链中,构建了基于虹膜识别的肉食品安全可追溯系统业务流程,实现了肉食品"从农场到餐桌"的安全保障;并以牛眼虹膜为例,根据其非同心椭圆的结构特征和图像仿射变换不变特征的原理,提出了一种牛眼虹膜快速定位方法。将牛眼虹膜内、外边界分别转化为圆形,对内边界采用灰度均值法粗定位与"三点定圆"精定位相结合的方法实现,对外边界设计了一种逐点扫描分层圆环算法来精确拟合。实验结果表明:该方法避免了虹膜信息丢失,减少了空间参数的选择运算。     

不同饲粮对生猪产污情况的影响

研究了精饲料和精青配合饲料饲养下育肥猪排污量和主要污染物含量的差异.结果表明,与饲喂精饲料相比,饲喂精青配合饲料的生猪产粪量降低18.97%,产尿量降低38.56%.精饲料饲养50d后,生猪体质量仅比精青配合饲料饲养平均增加1.5kg,采用精青配合饲料饲养的生猪体质量每增加lkg饲料成本投入比精饲料饲养减少21.68%.精青配合饲料喂养生猪不仅可减少污染物的排放量,还可节约饲料投入成本,提高养猪效益.     

日本虎斑猛水蚤的重金属急性毒性及其作为标准测试生物的潜在意义

以静态实验法研究重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn单独以及两两联合对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,并分析其是否适宜作为我国海水重金属毒性测试的标准生物.结果显示,单独作用下,cu、Cd、Pb和Zn对受试生物的24 hLC50分别为0.26、0.14、0.40和0.65 mg·L-1,...     

江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物物种丰富度及分布格局

采用实地调查与资料收集相结合的方法,以县(市)为基本地理单元建立江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物二元分布数据库;基于GIS技术,研究濒危动物物种丰富度格局;依据地理单元中物种组成的相似程度进行聚类分析,探讨江苏省濒危动物相似性分布格局。结果显示,江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物共有35科62属83种;西南部丘陵山区、盐城、连云港及启东地区濒危物种丰富度较高,江苏中部地区(主要为泰州和淮安)濒危物种丰富度较低,这与江苏省生物多样性分布热点基本一致,濒危物种丰富度与总物种丰富度之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01,n=73),Pearson相关系数为0.869;依据物种组成相似性,当组间距离分别为23.8、20.6、18.8时,江苏省73个基本单元可聚为3、4、5组,该聚类结果表明江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物分布受自然地理亚区、地形地貌以及人为活动的共同影响。     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).     

鱼类实验动物的生物学特性及应用

本文阐述了鱼类实验动物的生物学特性,并综述了其作为实验动物在生物医学研究中的应用现状.     

The Wild Animal as a Research Animal

Most discussions on animal experimentation refer to domesticated animals and regulations are tailored to this class of animals. However, wild animals are also used for research, e.g., in biological field research that is often directed to fundamental ecological-evolutionary questions or to conservation goals. There are several differences between domesticated and wild animals that are relevant for evaluation of the acceptability of animal experiments. Biological features of wild animals are often more critical as compared with domesticated animals because of their survival effects. An important issue is what is called here “natural suffering”: the suffering from natural circumstances. Should this type of suffering be taken into account when suffering from experimentation is evaluated? As an answer, it is suggested that ``natural functioning'' should be considered as an additional standard in the evaluation of wild animal experimentation. Finally, two topics related to the ecological context are considered. Firstly, the often inevitable involvement of non-research animals in wild animal experimentation, and secondly, the eco-centric approach to nature conservation. According to the latter position, animals are subordinated to ecosystems. All these aspects make the evaluation of wild animal experiments much more complex than experiments with domesticated animals. Preliminary scores are proposed to deal with these aspects. It is argued that this should not lead to a more complex governmental regulation, since an effective maintenance and control are hard to realize and one may loose the cooperation of researchers themselves. In addition, non-governmental professional organizations such as research societies and funding organizations play a pivotal role.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.