基于CMAQ与前馈神经网络的区域大气污染物浓度快速响应模型

建立大气污染可控源排放-复合污染水平的函数关系,实现给定排放情景下环境污染物浓度的实时响应,是大气污染物浓度预测与减排效果评估等的重要技术前提.本研究对污染物浓度影响因子变化空间进行拉丁超立方采样,使用CMAQ区域多尺度空气质量模型的预测值作为输入数据,通过前馈神经网络模型构建基于统计机器学习的长三角区域污染物浓度快速响应模型.结果表明经过模型结构选择与参数调整,基于前馈神经网络的快速响应模型能够快速准确还原出不同减排情景下长三角区域PM_(2.5)浓度的预测值.外部验证情景下相关系数CORR达到0.999以上,MB与ME均值达到了-0.046μg·m~(-3)和0.6162μg·m~(-3),实现了比RSM更加快速与准确的预测,不同时段与不同污染物浓度的准确预测则验证了其普适性.     

免耕生态系统中土壤动物对土壤养分影响的研究

对紫色水稻土自然免耕生态系统中土壤动物群落结构的变化及其对土壤养分的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明．水稻土免耕耕作制度有利于土壤动物的生长繁殖．并能改善土壤化学性质。土壤动物平均密度是垄作免耕＞垄作常耕＞平作免耕＞平作常耕。免耕土壤中有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量均分别高于常耕土壤。     

南岳珍稀濒危动物的调查研究

在南岳野生动物中,珍稀濒危动物共有28种,一级1种,即黄腹角雉TragopanCaboti;二级23种,其中哺乳类5种,鸟类15种,两栖类2种;中国生物多样性保护行动计划优先保护名录二级动物1种;中国优先保护动物中国特有种(A级)4种.本文主要介绍了它们的分类位置、形态特征和在我国的分布,根据南岳现有的资源状况,提出了保护措施与对策.     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在GIS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明：规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t，以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高；整体来看，规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大，但由于养殖场的地理分布集中，造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高；由于过多施用化肥，中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大，根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”，为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁，需搬迁主要支流沿岸1km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries

Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH₃. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH₃. The current annual NH₃ emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH₃N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH₃ in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH₃ emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH₃ emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH₃N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH₃ loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH₃ volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH₃ associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr⁻¹ between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH₃ emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems.     

建立地震动物试验场推进地方地震事业发展

本文介绍了地震动物试验场建立、动物观测、数据处理和饲养管理等方面的工作,为动物习性异常与地震关系的研究积累了可贵的观测资料,对于动物的行为异常预报地震具有一定的参考价值。     

原730矿牧草中的总α、总β、铀、钍、镭-226的污染水平

原730铀矿周围环境,受到了一定程度的放射性污染,其牧草中的总α放射性比活度及铀、镭-226含量均明显高于对照区,但对该矿区周围草食动物的肉、奶剂量的估算,未超过国家食品中放射性物质限制标准,可以食用。     

南通市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2009年南通市畜禽养殖数据,估算南通市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便的环境效应进行评价.结果表明,2009年南通市畜禽粪便总排放量约为792.3万t,其中以生猪和鸡排放量较高,分别占总量的44.9％和27.0％.农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均为17.23 t/hm2,农田N、P养分负荷量分别为112.79 kg hm-2和34.86kg·hm-2,畜禽粪便所产生的环境问题已不容忽视.     

Moral dimensions of human–wildlife conflict

Despite increasing support for conservation globally, controversy over specific conservation policies persists among diverse stakeholders. Investigating the links between morals in relation to conservation can help increase understanding about why humans support or oppose policy, especially related to human–wildlife conflict or human conflict over wildlife. Yet the moral dimension of human–wildlife conflict has mostly gone unconsidered and unmeasured; thus, policy and programmatic efforts to reduce controversy may be missing a key part of the equation. We conducted a web‐based survey (n = 1239 respondents) in Michigan (U.S.A.) to investigate cognitive and emotional influences on the value–behavior relationship. Respondents were identified by their interest and involvement in Michigan wolf management. The survey consisted of questions about values, emotions, cognitions, and behaviors relative to wolves in Michigan. We used path analysis to explore whether emotions and cognitions mediated the relationship between value and behavior. Most respondents attributed intrinsic value to wolves (n = 734) and all life (n = 773) and engaged in behaviors that benefited wolf populations and ecosystems regardless of stakeholder group (e.g., environmentalist, farmer). Attributing intrinsic value to wolves was positively related to favorable emotions toward wolves and cognitive assessments that hunting and trapping of wolves is unacceptable. Despite similarities in attribution of intrinsic value, groups differed in emotions and cognitions about wolf hunting. These differences provide a useful way to predict stakeholder behavior. Our findings may inform interventions aimed at increasing support for wolf management policies and positive interactions among stakeholders and wildlife. Leveraging agreement over intrinsic value may foster cooperation among stakeholders and garner support for controversial conservation policy.     

Response Variables for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Conservation Corridors

Many studies have evaluated effectiveness of corridors by measuring species presence in and movement through small structural corridors. However, few studies have assessed whether these response variables are adequate for assessing whether the conservation goals of the corridors have been achieved or considered the costs or lag times involved in measuring the response variables. We examined 4 response variables—presence of the focal species in the corridor, interpatch movement via the corridor, gene flow, and patch occupancy—with respect to 3 criteria—relevance to conservation goals, lag time (fewest generations at which a positive response to the corridor might be evident with a particular variable), and the cost of a study when applying a particular variable. The presence variable had the least relevance to conservation goals, no lag time advantage compared with interpatch movement, and only a moderate cost advantage over interpatch movement or gene flow. Movement of individual animals between patches was the most appropriate response variable for a corridor intended to provide seasonal migration, but it was not an appropriate response variable for corridor dwellers, and for passage species it was only moderately relevant to the goals of gene flow, demographic rescue, and recolonization. Response variables related to gene flow provided a good trade‐off among cost, relevance to conservation goals, and lag time. Nonetheless, the lag time of 10–20 generations means that evaluation of conservation corridors cannot occur until a few decades after a corridor has been established. Response variables related to occupancy were most relevant to conservation goals, but the lag time and costs to detect corridor effects on occupancy were much greater than the lag time and costs to detect corridor effects on gene flow. Variables de Respuesta para la Evaluación de la Efectividad de los Corredores de Conservación