荔枝叶片与土壤常量元素质量分数年周期变化研究

从１９９７年开始,对荔枝叶片和土壤常量有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值的年周期变化进行了研究。通过统计学分析,初步探明叶片各元素质量分数季节性变化的模式及其特点,以及土壤有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值年周期变化的趋势;分析了年周期变化中叶片与土壤分析值之间的相关性。     

Adaptation to osmotic stress provides protection against ammonium nitrate in Pelophylax perezi embryos

The negative effects of pollution on amphibians are especially high when animals are additionally stressed by other environmental factors such as water salinity. However, the stress provoked by salinity may vary among populations because of adaptation processes. We tested the combined effect of a common fertilizer, ammonium nitrate (0-90.3 mg N-NO₃NH₄/L), and water salinity (0-2‰) on embryos of two Pelophylax perezi populations from ponds with different salinity concentrations. Embryos exposed to the fertilizer were up to 17% smaller than controls. Survival rates of embryos exposed to a single stressor were always below 10%. The exposure to both stressors concurrently increased mortality rate (>95%) of embryos from freshwater. Since the fertilizer was lethal only when individuals were stressed by the salinity, it did not cause lethal effects on embryos naturally adapted to saline environments. Our results underscore the importance of testing multiple stressors when analyzing amphibian sensitivity to environmental pollution.     

新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度变化规律分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市新装修居室空气连续6个月的追踪监测,分析新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度的动态变化规律。结果表明,室内甲醛的浓度随装修竣工后时间的增加呈现降低趋势,但到第6个月为止,绝大部分住户室内空气甲醛浓度依然超标。总挥发性有机物的浓度降低趋势较为明显,到第5个月时,绝大部分住户室内空气总挥发性有机物浓度达到国家标准限值的要求。室内空气甲醛浓度的降低是一个长期缓慢的过程,居室内甲醛污染对人体健康的危害应引起人们的足够重视。     

三峡库区近50年来的气温变化趋势

利用三峡库区及周边32个气象站点1960～2006年的气温资料,运用线性趋势分析、累积距平分析和t检验等统计学方法研究了三峡库区近50a来的气温变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a来三峡库区气温变化总体上呈显著上升趋势,增温率为0.13℃/10a;其中1960’s～1980’s末存在一个缓慢降温过程,1980’s末后快速增温。(2)三峡库区各季节平均气温变化过程与年气温变化过程相似,总体上也呈上升趋势,春、夏、秋、冬四季平均气温增温率分别为0.10、0.005、0.19和0.21℃/10a,其中冬季气温上升对库区年平均气温上升的贡献率最大。(3)年均气温跃变出现在1996年,春、夏、秋、冬四季气温跃变点分别出现在1996、1993、1997、1996年,季节气温的跃变与年均气温跃变具有较好的同步性。(4)三峡库区偏暖和显著偏暖年份都发生在1996年以后,其中1998和2006年为异常偏暖年份;偏冷年份基本出现在1990’s以前,尤其集中在1980’s,但无显著偏冷和异常偏冷年份。     

1983～2012年长江流域地表净辐射变化特征

本文采用统计相关分析、Morlet小波分析、Rodionov时间序列分析与GIS空间分析等技术方法,分析了1983年7月至2012年9月长江流域SRB和CERES地表净辐射月产品的时空变化特征.结果表明:拟合后遥感产品比气象辐射站点观测值整体高15.8％,平均误差为15.31 W/m2,均方根误差为21.58W/m2.长江流域地表净辐射多年均值为78.0W/m2,整体呈下降趋势,于1996年突降,存在16年和10年周期;季相上,呈夏＞春＞秋＞冬.空间上,呈现西部地区＞东部地区＞中部地区;1996～2012年相较1983～1995年净辐射整体下降,其中上游流域降幅大于中下游;净辐射降低主要出现在5～7月,降幅较大地区主要是长江上游流域部分地区和长江中游流域纬度较低地区.研究结果对于认识长江流域的气候变化条件下的能量和水分循环过程等具有重要意义.     

旅陕入境旅游流与三大口岸相互关系研究

引入变异系数和相关性分析,结合入境游客的群体特征与时空差异,详细分析了旅陕入境旅游流与三大口岸的空间差异及关联度大小。研究表明,入陕外国人、港澳台游客流和三大口岸入境旅游流在空间分布上存在显著差异,但最终趋于稳定;旅陕不同类别、国别入境旅游者与三大口岸关联度大小迥异。     

Dust deposition in a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area, India

This paper provides baseline information about the total annual dust fall, and its constituents and seasonal variation, from a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area in Bina, India. Dust samples were collected monthly for 2 years (June 2002-May 2004) from five sampling sites in the region and analyzed in the laboratory for water-soluble and -insoluble matter. Water-insoluble components constituted the major fraction of the total annual dust fall. Two-way ANOVA indicated significant variations in dust fall at different sites, over the months and in their interactions. The dust deposition rate was highest during summer (March-June), followed by winter (November-February) and lowest in the rainy season (July-October). Maximum dust fall was observed near the coal handling plant (at site 2) followed by the receiving pit of the coal handling plant (site 3), near the main sub-station (site 4), Jawahar colony (site 1) and Gharasari village (site 5). An inverse and significant relation was observed between dust fall and precipitation. Our studies have shown that the main residential areas are experiencing higher levels of dust fall which makes them unsuitable for living. We suggest that residential areas should be moved farther away from the mining area in the opposite direction of prevalent winds.     

Distribution of perfluorinated alkyl substances in marine shellfish along the Chinese Bohai Sea coast

Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants, which pose a threat to human health primarily by dietary exposure, especially through seafood. Bohai Sea (a semi-closed sea located north of China) is an important shellfish aquaculture area that is possibly highly-polluted with PFASs. In this study, we first evaluated contamination by PFASs in a total of 230 samples of marine shellfish from the Bohai Sea. Samples included five important shellfish species, collected from important aquaculture spots distributed around the Bohai Sea. Samples were analyzed by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which could simultaneously detect 23 PFASs in shellfish. Our research verified that PFASs have become a threat to the safety of shellfish products in this area. Furthermore, contamination by PFASs in shellfish changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of shellfish, and the sampling sites. Many of the 23 target compounds contributed to the high detection ratio (>50%) as follows: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)?>?perfluorononanoic acid?>?perfluorodecanesulfonic acid?>?perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Compared with other dominant components, PFOA not only had the highest detection percentage in shellfish samples (98.3%), but its detection level contributed to 87.2% of total PFASs concentrations, indicating that PFOA is the major threat to the safety of shellfish products. The highest level of PFAS was found in clams (62.5?ng?g^?1 wet weight of PFOA). The concentration of total PFAS in different shellfish species showed the following trend: clams?>?mussels?>?scallops?>?whelks?>?oysters. The maximum concentration of total PFAS or PFOA was found in Shouguang. The total concentration of PFOS and its precursor were highest in Cangzhou, possibly due to local industrial activities. The results presented in this paper provide new data on the contamination of marine shellfish along the Bohai Sea coasts in China, and constitute a reference for future monitoring of contamination by emerging contaminants in Bohai coast.     

杭州市臭氧污染特征及过程分析

利用2013—2016年杭州市国控点臭氧观测资料,讨论了杭州市臭氧时空变化特征,并对一次臭氧高浓度过程进行分析。结果显示,近年来杭州市臭氧浓度以10. 3%的升幅渐增,增幅大于北京、上海、广州等城市。千岛湖背景点及位于城区的朝晖五区、下沙、西溪站点臭氧浓度月变化存在2个峰值,第一峰值出现在5月,受降水、温度影响次峰值出现在8—10月;夜间臭氧浓度背景点高于城区点。杭州市10个国控站点臭氧浓度相对标准偏差逐年减小,臭氧污染已呈区域性,城东为重污染区域。2015年8月出现的一次臭氧重污染过程主要是受副热带高压控制下和台风外围的影响,导致杭州市朝晖五区站点臭氧浓度高达228μg/m~3,台风登陆后得以缓解。     

不同穿越角度对采空区埋地管道力学行为的影响

为解决采空区煤矿工作面逐渐开采引起的埋地管道力学行为变化问题,以实际地质参数为基础,运用有限元软件建立管-土三维有限元模型,模拟水平煤层工作面推进方向与管道走向之间不同夹角以及不同煤层倾角时工作面逐步开采引起的埋地管道力学行为变化,得出在2种情况下埋地管道的力学行为时变性规律。结果表明:水平煤层不同夹角开采时,在开采中后期,随着开采时间的不断增加,大夹角工况下的管道最大应力位移增长速度比小夹角工况快;开采完成后,水平夹角越大管道越危险;不同煤层倾角时,埋地管道最大位移变化随开采时间的增加基本呈线性趋势,且煤层倾角越大,管道的最大位移越小,管道越安全。