水动力条件对全程自养脱氮工艺启动研究

CANON工艺需要部分短程硝化提供亚硝酸盐,所以CANON工艺存在溶解氧难控制的问题,特别是在反应器较小的情况。本文采用设有挡板的改良SBR,通过机械搅拌形成剧烈水流搅动,精确控制溶解氧,研究了不同搅拌速率对CANON工艺启动的影响。结果表明,机械曝气能成功启动了CANON工艺,且获得平均总氮去除率达79.40%,剪切应力的提高有利于脱氮性能的提升,机械曝气启动方式相比于鼓风曝气更加容易控制。     

强化曝气对潜流人工湿地堵塞物分布规律的影响

构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,研究曝气对人工湿地堵塞物组分及分布规律的影响.结果表明:两系统中堵塞物组成均以无机物为主,曝气对堵塞物累积总量影响不大,但对堵塞物化学组分影响较大,使堵塞物中有机物组分比例降低.未曝气及曝气系统堵塞物平均累积量分别为5.18 mg·g~(-1)及5.21 mg·g~(-1),有机物所占比例分别为28.4%和15.6%.曝气对堵塞物在水平及深度方向的分布影响不大,两系统均表现为底层累积物含量略高于表层,出水端累积物含量略高于进水端.电镜及能谱分析结果显示,受溶解氧因素的影响,两系统中表层填料元素种类均较底层丰富,且曝气系统较未曝气系统丰富.     

Numerical simulation of landfill aeration using computational fluid dynamics

The present study is an application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the numerical simulation of landfill aeration systems. Specifically, the CFD algorithms provided by the commercial solver ANSYS Fluent 14.0, combined with an in-house source code developed to modify the main solver, were used. The unsaturated multiphase flow of air and liquid phases and the biochemical processes for aerobic biodegradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste were simulated taking into consideration their temporal and spatial evolution, as well as complex effects, such as oxygen mass transfer across phases, unsaturated flow effects (capillary suction and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity), temperature variations due to biochemical processes and environmental correction factors for the applied kinetics (Monod and 1st order kinetics). The developed model results were compared with literature experimental data. Also, pilot scale simulations and sensitivity analysis were implemented. Moreover, simulation results of a hypothetical single aeration well were shown, while its zone of influence was estimated using both the pressure and oxygen distribution. Finally, a case study was simulated for a hypothetical landfill aeration system. Both a static (steadily positive or negative relative pressure with time) and a hybrid (following a square wave pattern of positive and negative values of relative pressure with time) scenarios for the aeration wells were examined. The results showed that the present model is capable of simulating landfill aeration and the obtained results were in good agreement with corresponding previous experimental and numerical investigations.     

Landfill aeration in the framework of a reclamation project in Northern Italy

In situ aeration by means of the Airflow technology was proposed for landfill conditioning before landfill mining in the framework of a reclamation project in Northern Italy. A 1-year aeration project was carried out on part of the landfill with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of the Airflow technology for landfill aerobization, the evolution of waste biological stability during aeration and the effects on leachate and biogas quality and emissions.The main outcomes of the 1-year aeration project are presented in the paper.The beneficial effect of the aeration on waste biological stability was clear (63% reduction of the respiration index); however, the effectiveness of aeration on the lower part of the landfill is questionable, due to the limited potential for air migration into the leachate saturated layers.During the 1-year in situ aeration project approx. 275 MgC were discharged from the landfill body with the extracted gas, corresponding to 4.6 gC/kgDM. However, due to the presence of anaerobic niches in the aerated landfill, approx. 46% of this amount was extracted as CH₄, which is higher than reported in other aeration projects. The O₂ conversion quota was lower than reported in other similar projects, mainly due to the higher air flow rates applied.The results obtained enabled valuable recommendations to be made for the subsequent application of the Airflow technology to the whole landfill.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal for swine wastewater by ammonium crystallization and intermittent aeration process

Abstract

A process on crystallized precipitation of ammonium by adding magnesium salt and phosphate was carried out to improve C/N ratio in swine wastewater. After completion of crystallized precipitation of ammonium, an intermittent aeration process with aeration and non‐aeration periods alternated at interval of 1:1 hr day^‐1 is used for the improved swine wastewater (T‐N/BOD=0.14: BOD=8200 mg/liter and T‐N=1166 mg/liter). The results obtained from the experiment show that the removal ratios of T‐N and NH₄‐N are 91% and 99%, respectively. T‐P is not removed, while the removal ratio of PO₄‐P is 60% as 3% of CaCl₂ liquid is added. The results also indicate that dilution with water is effective to improve the removal of phosphorus even if raw swine wastewater contains high concentrations of T‐N, T‐P, BOD, and TOC.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在碱性印染废水中的降解

通过静态和动态连续降解实验,揭示了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO,Nonylphenol ethoxylates,浓度6.25~12.5 mg·L-1)在碱性牛仔布印染废水中的去除规律.批式活性污泥实验表明,厌氧环境下,随着p H值的增加,壬基酚(NP,Nonylphenol)产生受到抑制,短链NPEO(环氧乙烯加成数1~3,NP(1~3)EO)总浓度水平虽然只有500~900μg·L-1,却呈现增加趋势;好氧环境下,尽管NPEO总量降解率超过85%,但产生的各种短链NP(1~3)EO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(NPEC,Nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate)浓度区间为10~110μg·L-1,碱性环境下两类物质总量最低,不足100μg·L-1.耦合厌氧水解和好氧曝气的连续实验表明,增设填料的厌氧折板水解池出水中短链NP(1~3)EO的总浓度增至4000~5000μg·L-1,这与厌氧环境下一部分NPEO附着在废水杂质和厌氧污泥上,在污泥龄较长的附着型污泥作用下,生成了大量的NP(1~3)EO有关;好氧段出水中NP(1~3)EO浓度降至230~610μg·L-1,短链NPEC(NP(1~3)EC)总量上升到800~1000μg·L-1,NP(1~3)EC由NP(1~3)EO转化来的可能最大.印染出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO受厌氧段出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO浓度影响明显.     

曝气诱导内波破坏水库水温分层的过程与效果

针对传统的水库破坏分层技术的低效率、高能耗等普遍问题,研制了能模拟基于自然对流而形成水温分层的中试模型水库,研究了曝气诱导形成内波混合破坏水温分层的可行性,过程和效果.扬水曝气产生的周期性出流能作为扰动源,在分层水环境中诱导形成内波.内波频率及波幅与曝气量有关.在曝气量0.07~0.28m3/(m2·h),跃温层温度梯度0.29~0.48℃/m的中试条件下,内波破坏分层过程主要以减小表层和底层水温差别、驱使跃温层下潜、等温层变薄为特征,破坏分层的速度与曝气量正相关、与温度梯度负相关.内波通过垂向振荡和横向传播,促进不同温度的水层之间的热交换.相对传统的循环水流混合,在温度梯度约0.32℃/m和0.46℃/m的条件下,当曝气量从0.07m3/(m2·h)逐渐增加到0.28m3/(m2·h)时,内波混合可分别将破坏分层效率提高25.0%~40.0%和41.2%~60.0%.     

通风策略对污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体和甲烷排放的影响

我国污泥生物干化过程中含氮气体(NH_3、N_2O、NO)排放的数据十分缺乏,尤其是NO,因其化学性质极其活泼,在以往的研究中甚少涉及.本研究以东北某大型污泥生物干化厂的连续流强制通风槽式污泥生物干化为研究对象,通过现场试验,考察不同通风策略下干化效率以及含氮气体、温室气体的排放特征.结果表明,当污泥初始含水率约50%时,采用前期供氧为主、中期温度控制为主、后期以除湿和散热为目的的通风策略,可以明显加快污泥干化速率(试验组在第11 d时的含水率为36.6%,对照组为42%),提升干化效果(最终含水率试验组为33.6%,对照组为37.6%),减少氨气累积排放量5%(试验组氨气累积排放为208 mg·m~(-3),对照组为219.8 mg·m~(-3));同时降低温室气体累积排放当量[试验组每吨干物料的温室气体排放当量(eCO_2)为3.61 kg·t~(-1),对照组为3.73 kg·t~(-1)].但NO累积排放量试验组比对照组高出15.9%(试验组为1.9g·m~(-2),对照组为1.6 g·m~(-2)).     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

同步硝化反硝化(SND)是废水处理中的新型生物脱氮工艺,和传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有显著的应用优势.本研究采用微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器,研究了SND过程中污染物去除效果并检测了生物膜功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,在微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器内可以实现同步硝化反硝化,通过提高进水COD负荷和C∶N比,降低溶解氧(DO)浓度,同时增加填料床层孔隙率,可以改善SND效果.当进水COD负荷和总氮(TN)负荷为0.86 kg·(m3·d)-1和0.10 kg·(m3·d)-1,且填料床层孔隙率为81%时,COD和TN的去除率分别为97.6%和70.2%,实现了COD和TN的同步高效去除;同时,微气泡曝气对氧传质的强化作用使得氧利用率高达91.8%.此外,生物膜活性和硝化及反硝化功能菌群的变化,与反应器COD、氨氮和TN去除能力的变化基本一致.