1980~2010年浙江某典型河流硝态氮通量对净人类活动氮输入的动态响应

以浙江某典型流域为研究对象,基于1980～2010年的水质水量和氮源数据及LOADEST模型,估算了逐年河流NO-3-N通量和净人类活动氮输入(NANI),分析了河流NO-3-N通量和NANI的年际演化特征及其动态响应关系,探讨了每年NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流NO-3-N通量的贡献.结果表明,1980～2010年,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI总体上都呈现出先增后减的抛物线型变化趋势,均在1998年左右分别达到峰值5.74 kg·(hm2·a)-1和77.5 kg·(hm2·a)-1;过去31 a,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI分别净增加了～42%和～77%.化肥氮和大气氮沉降是NANI的主要来源,分别占了NANI的～48%和～40%.河流NO-3-N通量的年际变化不仅与NAIN(R2=0.27**)和化肥氮输入量(R2=0.32**)显著相关,而且与河流年均流量(R2=0.79**)或降雨量(R2=0.63**)具有更强的相关性,意味着河流NO-3-N的来源除了当年的NAIN,还受滞留氮库的影响.所建立的以NANI和流量为自变量的回归模型能很好地模拟河流NO-3-N通量变化(R2=0.94**).该模型预测结果显示,在NANI和流量分别降低30%的情况下,河流年均NO-3-N通量将分别减少～21%和～30%;每年的NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流当年NO-3-N通量的贡献率分别为～53%、～24%、～23%.河流NO-3-N通量长期的年际变化是NANI和水文要素共同作用的结果;但是,由于滞留氮库的影响,与源控制方式相比,增加"汇"景观应该能更加快速地削减河流NO-3-N通量.     

西安市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单及研究

对西安市各类VOCs人为源进行系统分类,收集活动水平数据,应用国内外排放因子研究的最新成果,采用排放因子法建立了西安市2014年人为源VOCs排放清单.结果表明:2014年西安市人为源大气VOCs排放量为11.51×104t,其中,固定燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、工艺过程源、有机溶剂使用源、移动源、油品存储与销售源和废弃物处理源的排放量分别占VOCs排放总量的2.53%、3.32%、13.30%、51.50%、23.64%、4.82%和1.02%.油墨印刷、建筑涂料和汽车喷涂为有机溶剂使用源重点排放行业,VOCs排放量占到排放总量的48.89%;工艺过程源中化学药品、医药制造、原油加工和化学纤维为重点排放行业,VOCs排放量占到排放总量的10.19%.各区县中,长安区、雁塔区、未央区、碑林区VOCs排放量明显较高,其分担率分别为16.53%、14.88%、14.47%和12.99%.     

我国人为源气态活性氮排放时空变动特征分析

随着粮食和能源需求的增加,农业生产和化石燃料燃烧带来的活性氮污染越来越成为影响我国环境和人民健康的重要因素之一.通过对2000、2005及2010年全国31个省(直辖市、自治区)的人为源气态活性氮排放总量、单位GDP及单位人均排放量的Moran's I指数和GetisOrd G*i指数进行空间分析,探讨了气态活性氮排放及其强度的时空变动特征.结果表明,全国的气态活性氮排放及其强度呈现明显的空间集聚特征.在空间分布特征上,全国活性氮排放表现为高值集聚分布,其热点主要位于华北平原和长江中下游平原地区;排放强度方面则为高值聚集和低值聚集兼备.通过对3个年份的冷热点比较分析发现,排放强度的冷点地区变化较小,热点地区变化较大.其中,单位GDP排放强度方面,冷点地区处于东南沿海地区,热点地区则由西北地区缩小到四川、甘肃两省;而单位人口排放强度方面,冷点地区范围有所缩减,热点地区则由分散转变为集中分布于京津冀及周边的山西、内蒙古和辽宁等.分析人为源气态活性氮时空分布格局和特征及其形成原因,可为评估和减缓气态活性氮排放对生态环境的影响提供科学基础.     

金华地区PM2.5中的极性有机示踪物

用GC/MS,对金华地区3个采样点、四个季节,225个PM_(2.5)样品中10种极性有机示踪化合物进行了分析,包括天然源:3个异戊二烯SOA示踪物、1个α-蒎烯SOA示踪物和2个真菌孢子示踪物,和人为源:1个甲苯SOA示踪物、3个生物质燃烧示踪物.结果表明,异戊二烯SOA示踪物浓度为3.41~48.50 ng·m~(-3),α-蒎烯SOA示踪物浓度为2.45~25.40 ng·m~(-3),甲苯SOA示踪物为4.75~39.80 ng·m~(-3).各SOA示踪物均有明显的季节变化,其中,异戊二烯SOA示踪物呈夏季秋季≈春季冬季,α-蒎烯SOA示踪物夏季春季≈秋季冬季,甲苯SOA示踪物秋季夏季春季冬季.估算得出甲苯SOC对OC的贡献为3.03%~24.50%,而来源于生物质燃烧的有机碳对OC的贡献可以达到1.23%~42.80%.表明人为源排放前体物的二次转化以及生物质燃烧是金华地区大气细颗粒物污染的重要来源.     

Evaluating anthropogenic N inputs to diverse lake basins: A case study of three Chinese lakes

The environmental degradation of lakes in China has become increasingly serious over the last 30 years and eutrophication resulting from enhanced nutrient inputs is considered a top threat. In this study, a quasi-mass balance method, net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI), was introduced to assess the human influence on N input into three typical Chinese lake basins. The resultant NANI exceeded 10 000 kg N km⁻² year⁻¹ for all three basins, and mineral fertilizers were generally the largest sources. However, rapid urbanization and shrinking agricultural production capability may significantly increase N inputs from food and feed imports. Higher percentages of NANI were observed to be exported at urban river outlets, suggesting the acceleration of NANI transfer to rivers by urbanization. Over the last decade, the N inputs have declined in the basins dominated by the fertilizer use but have increased in the basins dominated by the food and feed import. In the foreseeable future, urban areas may arise as new hotspots for nitrogen in China while fertilizer use may decline in importance in areas of high population density.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0638-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Metal Fractionation Studies in Surfacial and Core Sediments in the Achankovil River Basin in India

The Fractionation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn and Cd in the sediments of the Achankovil River, Western Ghats, India using a sequential extraction method was carried out to understand the metal availability in the basin for biotic and abiotic activities. Spatial distribution of heavy metals has been studied. Sediment grain size has significant control over the heavy metal distribution. The fluctuations in their concentration partly depend upon the lithology of the river basin and partly the anthropogenic activities. The sediments are dominated by sand and are moderately to strongly positively skewed and are very leptokurtotic in nature. The quartzite and feldspars are abundant minerals along with significant amount of mica with low clay content. The core sediments show increasing trend of heavy metal concentration with depth due to the recent addition of anthropogenic sources and post-diagenic activities. Significant amount of Cd (18%) was found in carbonate fraction, which may pose environmental problems due to its toxic nature. Small concentrations of metals, except Cd and Cu, are in exchangeable fraction, which indicate low bio-availability. Enrichment Factor (EF) for individual metals shows the contribution from terrregious and in part from anthropogenic sources. Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) study shows the variation in specific metal distribution pattern, their distribution in different phases and their bio-availability. Maximum amount of the metals were bound to the non-residual fractions (mainly Fe-oxides). Overall, bio-availability of these micronutrients from sediments seems to be very less. Non-residual phase is the most important phase for majority of heavy metals studied. Among the non-residual fraction, maximum amount of the heavy metals bound to Fe-oxides. The study high lights the need for in-depth study of heavy metals distribution and fractionation in the smaller river basins to get precise information on the behavior and transport of heavy metals in the fluvial environment and their contribution to the world ocean.     

Assessing stress response of Stylophora pistillata towards oil and phosphate pollution in the Gulf of Aqaba,using molecular and biochemical markers

Crude oil (from oil terminal) and raw phosphate (from phosphate port) pollution are responsible for the lowered health conditions of coral reefs at their vicinity in the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Both in situ incubations and ex situ laboratory exposure experiments were used to study the effects of those pollutants on corals, by using molecular and biochemical biomarkers in the coral Stylophora pistillata. For ex situ part of the experiment, crude oil and raw phosphate were added to a final concentration of 500?ppm for both pollutants. The DNA damage was assessed by Comet assay, while biochemical stress markers were reassessed by lipid peroxidation (LPO) test. Although the corals looked healthy from outside, the use of stress biomarkers indicated that they are under high pressure at the cellular level. The corals incubated with oil and phosphate had more DNA damage and LPO in comparison with the control samples. The results obtained suggest that the use of stress biomarkers can be used as important prognostic tools for examining the sub-lethal stress on corals before their death.     

气溶胶中抗生素抗性基因研究进展:以养殖场和医院为例

抗生素在医药和养殖业的大量使用导致耐药菌的出现,加速了抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)在不同环境介质中的传播扩散,抗生素耐药性已成为目前全球卫生、食品安全和发展的最大威胁之一。气溶胶作为ARGs的潜在储存库缺乏系统的研究数据,而通过空气传播具有较高抗生素抗性水平的细菌可能是引起重要疾病的主要传播途径。本文针对养殖场和医院2个抗生素大量使用的典型场所,对气溶胶中ARGs的污染现状、样品采集与检测技术进行综述,并探讨了这一环境污染的潜在风险,表明开展气溶胶中ARGs研究的必要性,并为以后需开展的工作提出几点建议。     

Defining Historical Baselines for Conservation: Ecological Changes Since European Settlement on Vancouver Island,Canada

Abstract: Conservation and restoration goals are often defined by historical baseline conditions that occurred prior to a particular period of human disturbance, such as European settlement in North America. Nevertheless, if ecosystems were heavily influenced by native peoples prior to European settlement, conservation efforts may require active management rather than simple removal of or reductions in recent forms of disturbance. We used pre‐European settlement land survey records (1859–1874) and contemporary vegetation surveys to assess changes over the past 150 years in tree species and habitat composition, forest density, and tree size structure on southern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, British Columbia, Canada. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that frequent historical burning by native peoples, and subsequent fire suppression, have played dominant roles in shaping this landscape. First, the relative frequency of fire‐sensitive species (e.g., cedar [Thuja plicata]) has increased, whereas fire‐tolerant species (e.g., Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]) have decreased. Tree density has increased 2‐fold, and the proportion of the landscape in forest has greatly increased at the expense of open habitats (plains, savannas), which today contain most of the region's threatened species. Finally, the frequency distribution of tree size has shifted from unimodal to monotonically decreasing, which suggests removal of an important barrier to tree recruitment. In addition, although most of the open habitats are associated with Garry oak (Quercus garryana) at present, most of the open habitats prior to European settlement were associated with Douglas‐fir, which suggests that the current focus on Garry oak as a flagship for the many rare species in savannas may be misguided. Overall, our results indicate that the maintenance and restoration of open habitats will require active management and that historical records can provide critical guidance to such efforts.     

A Contemporary,Sex‐Limited Change in Body Size of an Estuarine Turtle in Response to Commercial Fishing

Abstract: Juvenile growth rate and adult body size are important components of life‐history strategies because of their direct impact on fitness. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a sexually dimorphic, long‐lived turtle inhabiting brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of its range, terrapins face anthropogenically imposed mortality: juveniles of both sexes inadvertently enter commercial crab traps and drown. For adult females, the carapace eventually grows large enough that they cannot enter traps, whereas males almost never reach that critical size. We compared age structure, carapace dimensions, growth curves, and indices of sexual dimorphism for a Chesapeake Bay population of terrapins (where mortality of turtles is high due to crab traps) with contemporary terrapins from Long Island Sound and museum specimens from Chesapeake Bay (neither group subject to commercial crab traps). We also calculated the allochronic and synchronic rates of evolutionary change (haldanes) for males and females to measure the rate of trait change in a population or between populations, respectively. We found a dramatic shift to a younger male age structure, a decrease in the length of time to terminal female carapace size, a 15% increase in female carapace width, and an increase in sexual dimorphism in Chesapeake Bay. In a new twist, our results implicate a fishery in the selective increase in size of a reptilian bycatch species. These sex‐specific changes in life history and demography have implications for population viability that need to be considered when addressing conservation of this threatened turtle.