一种新型流管反应器的设计与表征

介绍了一种用于气溶胶生成机制研究的流管反应器（Jiao-FTR,J-FTR）的设计及表征.借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测定,表征了不同进气结构和实验条件下反应器内流场的发展及稳定,移动进气管的喷射效应以及气体和颗粒物在反应器内的平均停留时间.结果表明,预混合段进气方式,主流流量,移动进气管结构及注入流量对J-FTR的流场发展以及气体和颗粒物的停留时间具有较大影响;J-FTR的预混合进气段具有使主流快速过渡为层流的优势,在对称进气条件下,当主流流量不超过8L/min,气流在进入主反应段之前可发展为稳定的层流;当移动进气管使用大内径的直管或径面十字型结构时,可以有效减小或避免移动进气管的喷射效应.以上结果不仅可为使用J-FTR开展大气化学和气溶胶生成机制研究提供重要的实验指导,也可为其他研究者设计FTR,进行流管实验提供借鉴.     

鄱阳湖流域人为氮磷输入演变及湖泊水环境响应

人类活动导致的氮磷营养盐富集是我国湖泊富营养化问题形成的重要驱动力.鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,随着流域经济社会的迅速发展,湖体营养盐水平上升,降低了鄱阳湖及长江中下游地区的水环境质量.然而,人类对鄱阳湖流域氮磷输入的影响程度尚不明确,湖体氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入的关系也缺乏定量研究.因此,本研究基于人为净氮输入模型(NANI)、人为净磷输入模型(NAPI)和多元统计回归模型,评估了鄱阳湖流域1949—2013年人类活动导致的氮磷输入量,构建了人为氮磷输入与湖泊氮磷浓度的响应模型.结果表明,研究期内鄱阳湖流域的人为净氮输入和人为净磷输入分别增长6倍和15倍,化肥施用是20世纪80年代以来的主要增长因子;鄱阳湖氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入显著相关,根据多元回归模型的可决系数,NANI可解释88%的湖体TN浓度变化,NAPI和湖泊平均水位可解释64%的TP浓度变化.提高氮磷的循环利用率同时维持湖泊生态水位对于降低鄱阳湖富营养化水平具有重要意义.     

北京地区大气颗粒物中有机物的分析

报告了一年四个季节组合样品中的有机成分分析结果。GC/MS定性分析表明,颗粒物有机物可抽提部分中,可分析识别的主要种类有正构烷烃、脂肪酸、多环芳烃等。其中正构烷烃有明显的奇数碳优先,而脂肪酸有明显的偶数碳优先。GC定量分析正构烷烃的结果和HPLC定量分析多环芳烃的结果均显示,天坛站点的有机物污染浓度大于十三陵站点。污染水平秋冬季高,春夏季低,这种季节变化趋势与有机碳总量相同。      

室内空气采样及几种重要污染物的监测分析方法探讨

随着人们对室内空气质量重视程度的提高,室内空气监测技术近年来也不断得到发展。采样是监测中最重要的环节,采样时间、位置选择的正确与否直接影响测定的成功与否。采样目的是确定采样方案过程中的指导原则,一个成功的采样应用具备明确的目的性。氡、气溶胶、VOCs、甲醛是重要的室内污染物,其采样和测定技术逐步走向成熟。     

Proactive limit values for responsible management of chemicals

Limit values (LVs) are legal concentration limits for constituents, residues and contaminants in consumer products or for emissions from production processes into environmental compartments. They are a traditional regulatory aid to manage chemicals in human environments. To make them proactive, LVs should become enforced by means of a transparent and informed decision process whose starting point is the Basic Rule of Environmental Hygiene, BREH:Avoid useless exposure as far as possible, minimize useful exposure in a reasonable manner, and prevent that exposure which is dangerous. The BREH calls upon minimizing exposure not only according toon site risk potentials and acceptance, but also tooff site avoidability and acceptability.     

Phenol transformation induced by UVA photolysis of the complex FeCl<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

Here we show that the photolysis of FeCl²⁺ upon UV irradiation of Fe(III) at pH 0.5, yielding Cl^• and then Cl₂^−•, upon further reaction with Cl⁻, induces phenol degradation. The photolysis of FeCl²⁺ can be highlighted and studied as the huge interference by FeOH²⁺ can be avoided under such conditions. Our data allowed the assessment of a photolysis quantum yield for FeCl²⁺ of 5.8 × 10⁻⁴ under UVA irradiation, much lower compared to the literature value of 0.5. The discrepancy can be explained if the photolysis process is efficient but photoformed Fe²⁺ and Cl^• undergo recombination inside the solvent cage.     

Deposition and Resuspension of Selected Aerosols Particles on Electrically Charged Filter Materials for Respiratory Protective Devices

The primary aim of the study was to analyse the non-steady state of filtration for selected electrostatic filter materials designed for use in respiratory protective devices. The obtained results showed that the filtration process in electrostatic filters was dependent in the main on the following factors: type of the filter material, electrostatic field strength of the material, and the charge of the aerosol.

To a lesser degree the filtration process depended on the sign of the charge and the relative humidity of the air. A significant correlation was found between the increase in the penetration and the decrease in breathing resistance while the filter was being loaded.

The effect of resuspension (tearing off and re-deposition of dust agglomerates inside the filter) on the filtration process very significant. It was also observed that under certain conditions electrostatic filter materials lost their protection properties.     

Identifying management opportunities to combat climate,land, and marine threats across less climate exposed coral reefs

Conserving coral reefs is critical for maintaining marine biodiversity, protecting coastlines, and supporting livelihoods in many coastal communities. Climate change threatens coral reefs globally, but researchers have identified a portfolio of coral reefs (bioclimatic units [BCUs]) that are relatively less exposed to climate impacts and strongly connected to other coral reef systems. These reefs provide a proactive opportunity to secure a long-term future for coral reefs under climate change. To help guide local management efforts, we quantified marine cumulative human impact (CHI) from climate, marine, and land pressures (2013 and from 2008 to 2013) in BCUs and across countries tasked with BCU management. Additionally, we created a management index based on common management measures and policies for each pressure source (climate, marine, and land) to identify a country's intent and commitment to effectively manage these pressures. Twenty-two countries (79%) had increases in CHI from 2008 to 2013. Climate change pressures had the highest proportional contribution to CHI across all reefs and in all but one country (Singapore), but 18 BCUs (35%) and nine countries containing BCUs (32%) had relatively high land and marine impacts. There was a significant positive relationship between climate impact and the climate management index across countries (R² = 0.43, p = 0.02), potentially signifying that countries with greater climate impacts are more committed to managing them. However, this trend was driven by climate management intent in Fiji and Bangladesh. Our results can be used to guide future fine-scale analyses, national policies, and local management decisions, and our management indices reveal areas where management components can be improved. Cost-effectively managing local pressures (e.g., fishing and nutrients) in BCUs is essential for building a climate-ready future that benefits coral reefs and people.     

贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算

通过对酸性水溶液、含Fe³⁺水溶液、含Fe²⁺水溶液、细菌菌液和细菌培养基水溶液脱除二氧化硫的实验,探讨了微生物液相氧化二氧化硫的途径.以液相中SO₄^2-浓度考察了Fe³⁺浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、进口SO₂浓度以及温度对脱硫成酸的影响.微生物脱硫有2种机制:一是直接氧化作用,即氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)将S(IV)氧化成S(VI);二是间接催化氧化,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在酸性条件下具有快速氧化Fe²⁺成Fe³⁺,增强Fe³⁺对SO₂的液相催化氧化能力,研究表明微生物脱硫以间接催化氧化为主.在浓度0～1.2g/L之间,Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺浓度越高,脱硫效果越好,氧化亚铁硫杆菌表现出对Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺体系氧化SO₂的强化效果.入口SO₂浓度越高,细菌脱硫效率越低,但液相中SO₄^2-浓度随进口SO₂浓度增加变化不大.温度对微生物脱硫影响较大,最佳脱硫温度为30～40℃.     

Comparative Assessment of the Level of Plant Cover Synanthropization in Specially Protected Areas

Tendencies in plant cover synanthropization depending on the pattern and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on natural complexes have been revealed in specially protected areas of different classes (a nature reserve and a nature park).