长三角地区大气NO2和CO2浓度的时空变化及驱动因子分析

以长三角城市群为研究对象,利用卫星遥感观测数据协同分析长三角地区大气NO₂和CO₂浓度的时空变化特征和驱动因子,揭示了长三角地区污染物和CO₂高浓度地区空间格局.结果表明长三角城市群地区大气NO₂和CO₂浓度的时空分布及变化特征呈现了受化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放等人为活动以及区域地形、地表覆盖、气候等自然条件的综合影响结果.大气NO₂和CO₂高浓度值围绕太湖明显呈口对西南向的U字形分布,一致于围绕太湖分布的杭州、上海、苏州、无锡、常州和南京等大型城市区域,以及安徽铜陵地区的工业排放区.大气NO₂浓度值呈现秋冬时期较高,夏季最低的季节分布特征.大气CO₂浓度受植被CO₂吸收和CO₂的积累影响,8~9月最低,4~5月最高.此外,随着人为排放活动的急剧减少,2020年1~3月的大气NO₂浓度比2019年同时期降低了50%以上,其中分布了以钢铁厂、燃煤厂为主的大型工业热源的城市NO₂浓度下降最多,如镇江、南京、马鞍山.     

Enrichment and transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through dust aerosol generation from soil to the air

● Compositional patterns of PAHs in dust aerosol vary from soil during dust generation. ● The EF of PAH in dust aerosol is affected by soil texture and soil PAH concentration. ● The sizes of dust aerosol play an important role in the enrichment of HMW-PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major organic pollutants in soil. It is known that they are released to the atmosphere by wind via dust aerosol generation. However, it remains unclear how these pollutants are transferred through the air/soil interface. In this study, dust aerosols were generated in the laboratory using soils (sandy loam and loam) with various physicochemical properties. The PAH concentrations of these soils and their generated dust aerosol were measured, showing that the enrichment factors (EFs) of PAHs were affected by soil texture, PAH contamination level, molecular weight of PAH species and aerosol sizes. The PAHs with higher EFs (6.24–123.35 in dust PM_2.5; 7.02–47.65 in dust PM₁₀) usually had high molecular weights with more than four aromatic rings. In addition, the positive correlation between EFs of PAHs and the total OC_aerosol content of dust aerosol in different particle sizes was also statistically significant (r = 0.440, P < 0.05). This work provides insights into the relationship between atmospheric PAHs and the contaminated soils and the transfer process of PAHs through the soil-air interface.     

Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

上海气溶胶中可溶态营养盐含量及影响因素

为研究上海气溶胶中可溶性营养盐的含量及其变化趋势,在上海华东师范大学采集大气干沉降样品,并分析了2007年6月至2009年3月期间的27个样品中的可溶态营养盐,包括NO3-+NO2-、NH4+、PO43-和SiO32-.以Milli-Q水和盐酸(pH2)连续提取发现,绝大部分硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(94%)和铵盐(96%)可直接溶解在水中,但硅酸盐(34%)和磷酸盐(50%)在水中溶出的量小于或等于在盐酸中溶出的量.结合大气后向轨迹分析发现,气溶胶的起源和传输途径对营养盐的含量有重要影响.陆源气溶胶颗粒中水溶态NO3-+NO2-和NH4+的质量浓度大于其他类型的气溶胶,但水溶态PO43-和SiO32-在不同类型气溶胶中的浓度差别不大.在降水和来源的双重因素影响下,大气中水溶态营养盐浓度表现为春冬季节高于夏秋季节,具有明显的季节变化特征.     

基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化——以浙江省为例

基于自上而下能源清单法,主要考虑工业、交通、建筑和人体新陈代谢这4个热源对人为热的贡献,估算了2010年浙江省68个县市的人为热排放总量.使用DMSP/OLS遥感夜间灯光数据以及阈值法提取出人为热排放的主要区域,并有效减少夜灯像元溢出效应的影响.利用夜间灯光数据和增强型植被指数(EVI)构建人居指数,基于各市县人为热排放总量与其行政区范围内人居指数累计值之间很强的相关关系建立人为热排放量空间化模型,获得了250m分辨率下浙江省2010年城市人为热通量的空间分布.结果显示浙江省各县市的平均人为热排放通量为5.5W/m²,城市高值区一般介于10~40W/m².栅格化的人为热数据可以为城市气候环境的数值模拟研究提供基础数据支持.     

鹤山大气超级站旱季单颗粒气溶胶化学特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱等仪器在鹤山大气超级站开展综合观测,结合ART-2a自适应共振神经网络聚类算法,将2013年11月4日~2013年12月30日期间监测到的1637330个细颗粒分成9类: EC-Fresh颗粒、EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-EC颗粒、Ca-EC颗粒、ECOC颗粒、OC-Levoglucosan颗粒、OC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒和Metal-rich颗粒.结果表明:该大气超级站所在地区旱季霾日有利于与水溶性二次无机组分混合的EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒的累积;晴朗天更有利于二次有机组分在气溶胶颗粒中生成,雨天受当地排放源的影响显著,含有较高EC-Fresh和K-EC颗粒.相关性的研究发现,EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒与能见度有良好的相关性,它们对霾的形成有至关重要的作用.     

北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究

利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明：主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×10¹⁸J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m²,最大为西城区82.30W/m²,大兴区仅为2.61W/m²;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m²,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m²以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m²为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09：00、18：00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.     

Selected landslide types in the Central Himalaya: their relation to geological structure and anthropogenic activities

In a region that is highly sensitive to tectonic instability, the fragile nature of the Himalayas becomes further adversely affected by anthropogenic intervention. In the present study observations indicate that the landsliding process occurs along various tectonic zones where it is assisted by human activities. Bedding and joint plane dip slopes, high joint and joint set frequencies, low vegetation cover, high monsoonal rainfall, thin soil cover and anthropogenic activities were found to be the main causative factors of the landslides. Anthropogenic activities include local path, canal and road construction, mining and quarrying, overgrazing, deforestation and unscientific agricultural practices, such as tilling steeper slopes (>30) without contour benches and without provision of drainage ditches, and overcropping without giving rest to the overtaxed soils. Where slope conditions are critical human activities should be controlled so as to minimise the slope failure processes. Various recommendations are proposed.     

ASSESSING POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER SUPPLIES OF S. E. QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: A comparative study of the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water supplies of southeastern Quebec was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of fibers by asbestos-bearing railway ballast and naturally occurring asbestos deposits. Water samples were taken from areas where one or the other potential sources or neither potential source was present. In addition, rainwater samples were taken to assess the importance of atmospheric contributions. The sampling design accounted for potential variations in fiber counts due to the season, location and analytical procedures. Fiber concentrations were estimated from counts made on a JEOL 100CX scanning transmission electron microscope and statistically compared among areas. These levels were then compared with levels found in other areas of Canada and the United States. The results indicate that the rail ballast could be contributing statistically (albeit marginally) significant quantities of fibers to water supplies during the summer but not in the spring. Estimated concentrations in water supplies ranged between 1.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 147.8 × 10⁶fibers/liter. Fiber levels in samples taken during the spring were significantly higher and more variable than those taken during the summer. The presence of fibers in rainwater samples at concentrations of 1.9 × 10⁶fibers/liter, 18.3 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 23.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter suggests that atmospheric transport may play an important role in contributing fibers to regional systems. Fiber levels found in these systems are not unique when compared to levels observed elsewhere in North America.