Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of α-pinene/NOx with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer （TDMA） in terms of hygroscopic growth factor （Gf）, with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols （SOA） formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor （ACSM） and matrix factorization （PMF） method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.     

台风对沿海城市细粒子中海盐气溶胶的影响

台风作为发生、发展于海洋的天气系统,其对沿海城市海盐气溶胶的影响究竟如何值得探究.利用2011年第17号强台风"纳沙"影响深圳期间的深圳气象局竹子林大气成分站的MARGA(Monitoring Instrument for Aerosols and Gases)数据,研究了期间台风对深圳PM_(2.5)中海盐气溶胶(以下简称海盐气溶胶)的影响.结果发现,受台风外围下沉气流的影响,各气溶胶成分的浓度均有明显的增加.台风降水前的大风对各种气溶胶(含海盐、非海盐气溶胶)的清除作用非常显著,而台风降水期间PM_(2.5)中的海盐气溶胶浓度呈现快速上升趋势,最大浓度可达4.39μg·m~(-3).台风降水期间的海盐气溶胶也呈现出一定的老化状态,氯损耗平均值为32.20%,海盐气溶胶的老化程度低于台风降水前和台风降水后的老化程度.尽管台风降水时海盐气溶胶的贡献率有显著增加,气溶胶海洋属性加强,但总体而言海盐气溶胶对深圳地区PM_(2.5)化学组分的贡献非常低.     

北京地区不同天气条件下气溶胶数浓度粒径分布特征研究

2012~2014年,在北京城区利用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS-1000XP)对气溶胶数粒径分布特征进行观测,进而分析了不同季节与不同天气条件下气溶胶粒径分布的变化特征.结果表明,春季爱根核模态气溶胶日均数浓度值最高,秋季最低;春季和冬季积聚模态下日均数浓度较高,夏季最低;粗模态气溶胶日均浓度在冬季最高.爱根核模态粒子数浓度日变化特征最为显著,受交通源及夏季中午前后的光化学作用影响明显.春、秋、冬季积聚模态状态气溶胶数浓度夜晚高于白天,粗模态粒子没有明显的日变化特征.重污染过程中,积聚模态气溶胶对于PM_(2.5)质量浓度起到决定作用,通常需通过北风的清除才能有效降低PM_(2.5)浓度;降雨及降雪对粗模态粒子的清除效果较为明显,而小风和静风状态下,降水对积聚模态的气溶胶没有明显的清除作用;沙尘过程中,粗模态粒子浓度显著增加,而积聚模态气溶胶却被明显清除.     

喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性

为阐明喷泉产生的细菌气溶胶空间分布特性,利用大肠杆菌NK5449作为试验菌株,通过喷泉喷洒试验,使用安德森六级空气采样器采集喷泉周围空间的细菌气溶胶,研究各级细菌气溶胶的浓度和粒径分布特征和变化规律,并分析其与液滴直径的相关性.结果表明,在高度0.75~1.75 m,距离喷头0.5~3 m的范围内,细菌气溶胶总浓度在(38±15)~(676±92)CFU·m-3之间,并随着高度的增加和与喷头之间水平距离的增大而逐渐降低,且与液滴直径呈显著负相关(P0.05);随着与喷头水平距离的增大,粒径大于4.7μm的细菌气溶胶粒子所占比例出现先降后升的变化趋势;而粒径在2.1~4.7μm之间的粒子所占比例则是先升后降.与喷头水平距离0.5 m以外的各点,细菌气溶胶粒子的粒径大都集中在1.1~4.7μm范围内.距离喷泉较远处的人吸入小粒径细菌气溶胶的风险不容忽视.     

西安市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据西安市各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放清单.结果表明,2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放量为47.17×10~3t,排放强度为4.57 t·km~(-2);畜禽养殖和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的两个人为源,氨排放量分别为20.55×10~3t和17.51×10~3t,占排放总量的80.68%;畜禽养殖中,牛和猪是最大的排放源,占畜禽养殖排放总量的75.03%;临潼区是排放量最大行政区,排放量为10.73×10~3t,分担率为23.22%;阎良区的排放强度最大,达到14.75 t·km~(-2).     

Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley

This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM_2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM_2.5 (129.8 µg/m³) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m³) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m³ (14%) in PM_2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m³ (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM_2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM_2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution.     

沅江入湖段河床沉积物重金属污染源的铅同位素示踪

利用多接收等离子质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）对沅江入湖段河床沉积物重金属含量与铅同位素进行分析,评价了重金属富集程度,并示踪分析重金属污染源.结果表明,上层（0～52 cm）沉积物明显富集Bi、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等多种重金属,中层（52～172 cm）、下层（172～268 cm）沉积物中Mn、Cd富集明显.垂直方向上,重金属的富集具有自下而上富集程度明显增强、富集的元素种类明显增多的变化特征,暗示近年来人为活动增强引起沉积物污染程度增强.沉积物铅同位素比值变化范围大,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb、²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值变化范围依次为1.1310～1.2040、2.3321～2.4932,并以相对富放射成因的U铅和Th铅为特征.上层沉积物铅同位素比值变化大,且自下而上升高或降低的变化明显,沉积物铅含量高对应²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值低,铅含量低则对应²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值高;中层、下层沉...     

白马泉风景区夏季大气PM2.5中二次有机物的初步研究

实验选择2010年7月于雅安市白马泉风景区常绿阔叶林内采集PM2.5样本,并对样本进行甲醇提取、三甲硅醚衍生化及GC/MS分析,探讨研究区域内气溶胶中异戊二烯氧化产物、α-/β-蒎烯氧化产物、小分子羧酸(苹果酸、2-羟基戊二酸)的浓度与昼夜变化趋势,并结合大气污染气体(SO2、NOx、O3)和环境气候条件(风速、温度、湿度等)对其浓度的影响进行讨论.结果表明,24 h PM2.5样本中,2-甲基丁四醇、异丁烯三醇、2-甲基甘油酸的浓度分别为63.3、45.0、4.4 ng.m-3;降蒎酸、3-羟基戊二酸、3-羟基-1,2,3-丁三酸的浓度分别为4.1、5.0、5.3 ng.m-3.除降蒎酸外,此次研究的其他二次有机气溶胶组分均呈现昼高夜低.白马泉风景区聚集了较高浓度的天然源二次有机物与当地亚热带繁茂的植被、湿热气候、沟谷型地貌及大气污染状况等诸多环境因素有关.     

基于地面微脉冲激光雷达的上海冬季霾强度及高度分析

利用2009—2013年冬季地面气象观测数据筛选出非霾和不同强度霾的影响时次,采用能见度与消光系数的定量关系和冬季波长系数对微霾冲激光雷达反演修正得到的气溶胶消光系数,分析了上海地区气溶胶在垂直高度上的集中范围,当地面出现轻微霾、轻度霾、中度霾、重度霾时气溶胶分别主要集中于近地面0.81、0.49、0.41、0.40 km以下,非霾时气溶胶主要集中在近地面1.35 km以下;在此基础上,根据判别不同强度霾的能见度标准和能见度与消光系数的定量关系,将能见度换算为消光系数,再对微脉冲激光雷达反演消光系数进行修正,从而判断高空霾的强度及所处的高度;另外还探讨了云对产生重度霾的影响、降水与中度霾和重度霾的关系以及颗粒物质量浓度与不同强度霾的关系,发现48.53%的重度霾是受云影响而产生的,37.11%中度霾发生前后伴有降水现象,51.14%的重度霾发生前后伴有降水现象,非霾、轻微霾,轻度霾、中度霾、重度霾期间的颗粒物浓度和细颗粒物占的比例依次增大.     

Distribution of anthropogenic cadmium and arsenic in arable land soils of Hainan,China

It is important to determine the distribution of anthropogenic heavy metals in arable land soils. Using Hainan Island as a study area, the background concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in arable land soils from different types of parent materials were estimated and then anthropogenic input distribution was determined by subtracting background concentrations from existing spatial distributions of Cd and As using ArcGIS spatial analysis tools. There were areas where the content of soil Cd and As did not show a change due to anthropogenic inputs, 8.4% As and 24.3% Cd content were below background concentrations, respectively. Soils with higher anthropogenic inputs were found around urban areas and the western part of Hainan Island. Data indicated that inputs were primarily produced by rapid urbanization and uncontrolled mining exploration. Anthropogenic Cd and As increases were also caused by excessive application of fertilizers.