Secondary organic aerosols in Jinan, an urban site in North China: Significant anthropogenic contributions to heavy pollution

Secondary organic aerosols(SOAs) are an important component of particulates, but whether biogenic SOAs(BSOAs) or anthropogenic SOAs(ASOAs) are the dominant contributors to haze pollution remains poorly characterized. In this study, particulate samples were collected from September 2014 to August 2015 at an urban site in Jinan, which is the capital of Shandong Province and a typical city in the North China Plain. The PM2.5 samples were analyzed for BSOA(isoprene(SOAI) and monoterpenes(SOAM)) and ASOA(aromatic(SOAA)) tracers. The concentrations of the SOAAtracer(1.1 ± 1.0 ng/m3) were lowest, and those of SOAItracers(41.8 ± 86.2 ng/m3) were highest, with the concentrations of SOAMtracers(19.4 ± 9.9 ng/m3) being intermediate. The SOAItracers were more abundant in the summer and less abundant in the winter. Both SOAIand SOAMincreased with increasing ozone level but decreased with increasing NOx level. Correlation analysis revealed a good correlation between 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid and levoglucosan levels in three seasons. These results suggested that biomass burning activities occurring in the NCP can enhance the emissions of aromatics and should be controlled, especially in the autumn and winter. SOA tracers were classified according to pollution degree, and the results showed that as pollution increases, the contributions of SOAAincrease. These results indicate that reducing anthropogenic emissions is necessary to prevent SOA pollution, especially during heavy pollution episodes.     

影响南京地区的两次典型空气污染过程分析

2009年10月下旬与11月上旬,南京及其周边地区接连经历了两次严重的空气污染过程.第一次污染过程表现为持续性灰霾天气,第二次污染过程主要受秸秆焚烧和区域输送的混合影响.利用地面污染监测数据、气象要素观测资料、卫星遥感火点资料结合后向轨迹模式,采用聚类分析的方法讨论了局地源及区域输送对两次污染过程的影响.结果表明,两次污染过程积聚模态气溶胶数浓度较高,与该地区之前观测结果比较气溶胶浓度峰值向大粒径偏移.两次过程PM2.1中SO24-/NO3-的值分别为1.30和0.99.第一次污染过程受偏东、偏南方向局地排放源的影响,≤0.1μm的气溶胶粒子逐渐累积.第二次污染过程主要受东北方向短距离输送与西南方向局地排放的混合影响,尤其是来自偏南方向气溶胶数浓度较高,≥0.1μm粒子尤为明显,说明秸秆焚烧的排放源主要来自此方向.     

上海浦东地区气溶胶散射系数及影响因子

利用上海浦东站2008年的积分浊度计观测资料,研究超大城市工作和生活环境中气溶胶散射系数的特征及其影响因子.结果表明,人为活动对本站气溶胶的散射系数具有一定影响,工作日的散射系数明显大于休息日.在边界层演变和人为排放的共同作用下,散射系数呈现"双峰一谷"的日变化特征."周末效应"的计算结果表明,交通排放是形成早晨8～9点散射系数强峰的主要原因,而夜间20～21点的次峰则主要是混合层降低向近地面逆温转化的结果.由于周边环境不同,地面风对本站气溶胶的扩散和输送作用差异明显,导致散射系数在不同风向区间的分布差异非常显著.东风时散射系数随风速增大连续减小,其作用主要表现为扩散降低气溶胶浓度;而西风时,在某些风速区间,散射系数随风速增强而明显增大,人为活动产生的输送对本站气溶胶散射系数具有明显影响.     

四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单及分布特征

根据收集到的各类人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了四川省2012年人为源氨排放清单,并分析了氨排放的空间分布特征.结果表明:四川省2012年人为源氨排放总量为994.8×103t,排放强度为2.12 t·km-2;畜禽养殖为最主要的排放源,分担率达62.31%,其次为氮肥施用,分担率为23.14%;生猪和牛是畜禽养殖中主要贡献者,共占畜禽排放总量的64%;成都市和达州市为氨排放量较大的城市,均占四川省排放总量的10%;空间分布特征显示排放量较大的网格主要集中在四川省东部,且多来自于城市周边区县.     

川南四座城市PM2.5化学组分污染特征及其源解析

为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM_2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM_2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m^-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值(35.0μg·m^-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃-和NH₄+)分别占PM_2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好.NH₄+主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃、(NH₄)2SO₄、NH₄HSO₄.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM_2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显.     

珠江三角洲咸潮灾害主因分析

从上世纪90年代末开始，咸潮灾害在河流枯水期频繁侵袭珠江三角洲近河口地区，给1500万人口的生活和生产用水造成了很大的困难。咸潮灾害发生前和发生时期进行的大规模采掘河沙活动使三角洲河床普遍大幅度下切，河流水位下降，潮汐作用相对增强，这是引发成潮的主要原因；而天旱和海平面上升等则使咸潮灾害加重。在防御咸潮灾害的指导思想和措施上，应特别重视引发咸潮的主因。     

Real-time wet scavenging of major chemical constituents of aerosols and role of rain intensity in Indian region

Real-time simultaneous studies on chemical characteristics of rainwater and PM₁₀ aerosols were carried out to understand the scavenging of major chemical components in Indian region. The concentrations of Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ were observed to be lower in the aerosol samples collected during rain as compared to before and after rain events. The most significant reduction was noticed for Ca²⁺ (74%) during rain which showed highest scavenging ratio (SR) and indicated that below-cloud scavenging is an effective removal process for Ca²⁺ in Indian region. Among non-sea salt components, Ca²⁺ had highest SR at Hyderabad indicating typical characteristics of crustal influence as abundance of calcium carbonate in soil dust has been reported in India. However, the levels of these major chemical components gradually got build-up in due course of time. After rain events, the levels of SO₄²⁻ aerosols were noticed to be substantially higher (more than double) within 24 h. In general, scavenging ratios for all components (except Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺ and K⁺) were higher over BOB as compared to Hyderabad. The maximum fall in aerosol levels (BR minus AR) was observed during continuous and low intensity rain events that did not allow building up of aerosol concentrations.     

广东省南海市主干道气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

气溶胶采样点位于广东省南海市桂江路边缘及两侧 ,采集时间为 2 4 h,连续采集三天。使用仪器为国产大体积采样器。同时在公园内设点采样 ,以作背景研究。样品经超声波抽提和层析柱分离得到正构烷烃、芳烃 (AHs)和极性组分等三种有机组分。对 PAHs进行 GC MS分析 ,气溶胶中具有较高含量的芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并 [a]蒽、、苯并 [b]荧蒽、苯并 [k]荧蒽、苯并 [a]芘、茚并 [1 ,2 ,3-cd]芘、二苯并 [a,h]蒽、苯并 [g,h,i]等。通过 TSP研究认为 ,主干道的机动车排放和扬尘是气溶胶的主要来源 ,气候改变也是 TSP变化的另一重要因素。     

基于工艺过程的金属包装业VOCs污染特征

识别金属包装业挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)产生和排放节点,定量分析不同类型生产工艺所排放VOCs的物种及含量,结合最大增量反应活性法和修正的气溶胶生成系数法对行业二次污染进行核算.结果表明,金属包装业排放的VOCs主要为苯系物、醇类、酮类和酯类,苯系物和醇类在不同类型工序和排污节点中贡献较大,酮类和酯类贡献相对较少,单物种浓度最高的VOCs为正丁醇,浓度达269.08mg·m^-3;生产线与相应的排气筒之间VOCs物种浓度相关性较好,但物种种类存在差异;行业的O₃和二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol, SOA)生成潜势(以O₃/VOCs和SOA/VOCs计)分别为(3.09±0.94)g·g^-1和(2.58±1.99)g·g^-1,苯系物和内全涂烘干工序为O₃和SOA的主要前体物和首要生成节点.     

不同浓度臭氧对单颗粒气溶胶化学组成的影响

为探讨高浓度臭氧(O₃)对气溶胶生成与老化过程的影响,本研究利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)于2018年10月在广东省鹤山大气环境超级监测站进行观测.观测期间根据O₃浓度的高低,定义了高臭氧浓度(P_H)时段和低臭氧浓度(P_L)时段,其中P_H时段O₃平均浓度为117μg·m^-3,P_L时段平均浓度为25μg·m^-3.依据化学组成的不同,观测期间单颗粒主要包含老化元素碳颗粒(EC-aged)、二次颗粒(Sec)和老化有机碳颗粒(OC-aged).P_H时段单颗粒总数(348 085)高于P_L时段(224 797),且P_H时段Sec颗粒(37.1%)的占比显著高于P_L时段(27.8%),而EC-aged颗粒(32.1%)则低于P_L时段(44.1%),OC-aged颗粒(13.5%)略高于P...