浙江省人为源氨排放清单建立及分布特征

通过收集各类氨排放源的活动水平数据,选取合适的排放因子以及估算方法,建立了2017年浙江省人为源氨排放清单,分析各排放源的排放分摊率以及浙江省各市的排放情况,并利用ArcGIS对浙江省氨排放量和排放强度的空间分布进行分析.结果表明, 2017年浙江省人为源氨排放量为122.00 kt,以农业源排放为主,其中农田生态系统氨排放量最高,达到36.06 kt,并以氮肥施用贡献最大(87.12%);其次是禽畜养殖,占到人为源氨排放总量的29.44%.非农业源中废物处理和人体排放源贡献最大,分别占到非农业源氨排放量的44.07%和28.49%. 2017年杭州市氨排放量最高,占浙江省氨排放总量的17.83%;但嘉兴市的氨排放强度最大,达到3.82 t·km^-2.从空间分布来看,氨排放量主要集中在浙江省北部和东南部,而浙江省北部和东北部的氨排放强度相对较高.     

Assessing sensitivities of marine areas to stressors based on biological traits

Analysis of the biological traits (e.g., feeding mode and size) that control how organisms interact with their environment has been used to identify environmental drivers of, or impacts on, species and to explain the importance of biodiversity loss. Biological trait analysis (BTA) could also be used within risk-assessment frameworks or in conservation planning if one understands the groups of traits that predict the sensitivity of habitats or communities to specific human activities. Deriving sensitivities from BTA should extend sensitivity predictions to a variety of habitats, especially those in which it would be difficult to conduct experiments (e.g., due to depth or risk to human life) and to scales beyond the norm of most experiments. We used data on epibenthos, collected via video along transects at 27 sites in a relatively pristine region of the seafloor, to determine scales of natural spatial variability of derived sensitivities and the degree to which predictions of sensitivity differed among 3 stressors (extraction of species, sedimentation, and suspended sediments) or were affected by underlying community compositions. We used 3 metrics (weighted abundance, abundance of highly sensitive species, and number of highly sensitive species) to derive sensitivity to these stressors and simulated the ability of these metrics to detect a range of stressor intensities. Regardless of spatial patterns of sensitivities across the sampled area, BTA distinguished differences in sensitivity to different stressors. The BTA also successfully separated differences in community composition from differences in sensitivity to stressors. Conversely, the 3 metrics differed widely in their ability to detect simulated impacts and likely reflect underlying ecological processes, suggesting that use of multiple metrics would be informative for spatial planning and allocating conservation priorities. Our results suggest BTA could be used as a first step in strategic prioritization of protected areas and as an underlying layer for spatial planning.     

Using cumulative human-impact models to reveal global threat patterns for seahorses

Understanding threats acting on marine organisms and their conservation status is vital but challenging given a paucity of data. We studied the cumulative human impact (CHI) on and conservation status of seahorses (Hippocampus spp.)—a genus of rare and data-poor marine fishes. With expert knowledge and relevant spatial data sets, we built linear-additive models to assess and map the CHI of 12 anthropogenic stressors on 42 seahorse species. We examined the utility of indices of estimated impact (impact of each stressor and CHI) in predicting conservation status for species with random forest (RF) models. The CHI values for threatened species were significantly higher than those for nonthreatened species (category based on International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List). We derived high-accuracy RF models (87% and 96%) that predicted that 5 of the 17 data-deficient species were threatened. Demersal fishing practices with high bycatch and pollution were the best predictors of threat category. Major threat epicenters were in China, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Our results and maps of CHI may help guide global seahorse conservation and indicate that modeling and mapping human impacts can reveal threat patterns and conservation status for data-poor species. We found that for exploring threat patterns of focal species, species-level CHI models are better than existing ecosystem-level CHI models.     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Cores of Selected Creeks in Delta State,Nigeria

The spatial and seasonal distribution and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in core sediments of Ubeji, Ifie, and Egbokodo creeks in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 222 core sediment samples were collected during the wet season (August 2010) and the dry season (January 2011). The samples were dried, Soxhlet extracted, fractionated, and injected into a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The concentrations of PAHs ranged from not detected to 2,654 μg/kg (wet season) and not detected to 3,513 μg/kg (dry season). In general, the concentrations of PAHs for a number of stations in this study are comparable to sites with high anthropogenic activities in the Niger Delta. The toxicity risk assessment based on the total BaP equivalent quotient of the seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA, and Iper) was 97.416 μg/kg and did not exceed the method B cleanup level for benzo(a)pyrene (137 μg/kg), according to toxic equivalency factors, which implied that PAHs in sediments of the present study currently have minimal adverse effects. This study provided information on the concentrations and profiles of PAHs sediment cores, which is useful for source diagnosis, environmental quality management, contamination history, and environmental forensic studies.     

Effects of crowding due to habitat loss on species assemblage patterns

Terrestrial animals are negatively affected by habitat loss, which is assessed on a landscape scale, whereas secondary effects of habitat loss, such as crowding, are usually disregarded. Such impacts are inherently hard to address and poorly understood, and there is a growing concern that they could have dire consequences. We sampled birds throughout a deforestation process to assess crowding stress in an adjacent habitat remnant in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Crowding is expected of highly mobile taxa, especially given the microhabitat heterogeneity of Neotropical forests, and we hypothesized that the arrival of new individuals or species in refuges shifts assemblage patterns. We used point counts to obtain bird abundances in a before-after-control-impact design sampling of a deforestation event. Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity were examined with metrics used to assess alpha and beta diversity, turnover of taxonomic and functional similarity, and taxonomic and functional composition. Over time increased abundance of some species altered the Simpson index and affected the abundance-distribution of traits in the habitat remnant. Taxonomic composition and functional composition changed in the remnant, and thus bird assemblages changed over time. Taxonomic and functional metrics indicated that fugitives affected resident assemblages in refuges, and effects endured >2 years after the deforestation processes had ceased. Dissimilarity of taxonomic composition between pre- and postdeforestation assemblages increased, whereas functional composition reverted to preimpact conditions. We found that ecological disruptions resulted from crowding and escalated into disruptions of species’ assemblages and potentially compromising ecosystem functioning. It is important to consider crowding effects of highly mobile taxa during impact assessments, especially in large-scale infrastructure projects that may affect larger areas than is assumed.     

Long‐Range Movement of Humpback Whales and Their Overlap with Anthropogenic Activity in the South Atlantic Ocean

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are managed by the International Whaling Commission as 7 primary populations that breed in the tropics and migrate to 6 feeding areas around the Antarctic. There is little information on individual movements within breeding areas or migratory connections to feeding grounds. We sought to better understand humpback whale habitat use and movements at breeding areas off West Africa, and during the annual migration to Antarctic feeding areas. We also assessed potential overlap between whale habitat and anthropogenic activities. We used Argos satellite‐monitored radio tags to collect data on 13 animals off Gabon, a primary humpback whale breeding area. We quantified habitat use for 3 cohorts of whales and used a state‐space model to determine transitions in the movement behavior of individuals. We developed a spatial metric of overlap between whale habitat and models of cumulative human activities, including oil platforms, toxicants, and shipping. We detected strong heterogeneity in movement behavior over time that is consistent with previous genetic evidence of multiple populations in the region. Breeding areas for humpback whales in the eastern Atlantic were extensive and extended north of Gabon late in the breeding season. We also observed, for the first time, direct migration between West Africa and sub‐Antarctic feeding areas. Potential overlap of whale habitat with human activities was the highest in exclusive economic zones close to shore, particularly in areas used by both individual whales and the hydrocarbon industry. Whales potentially overlapped with different activities during each stage of their migration, which makes it difficult to implement mitigation measures over their entire range. Our results and existing population‐level data may inform delimitation of populations and actions to mitigate potential threats to whales as part of local, regional, and international management of highly migratory marine species. Cuantificación de los Movimientos de Gran Amplitud y el Traslape Potencial con Actividad Antropogénica y las Ballenas Jorobadas en el Océano Atlántico Sur     

中国人为热变化及其对地表能量平衡的影响

利用人口统计、分布数据及能源消费统计资料,对中国1980~2015年人为热通量（Q_a）的时空变化进行了研究,并将其与地表净太阳辐射（R_n）进行了对比分析,以探讨人为热对不同尺度地表能量平衡的影响.结果表明,在研究时段内,全国平均Q_a呈显著升高趋势（0.11W/m²/10a,P<0.001）,从1980年的0.07W/m²上升到2015年的0.45W/m²,已经约相当于全球工业革命以来CO₂排放引起辐射强迫（1.68W/m²）的27%;其中Q_a高值区（≥ 1.00W/m²）已由1990年的点状分布变为2015年的面状分布,占到全国面积的10%;全国平均R_n的趋势率（0.18W/m²/10a）略大于Q_a,但未通过显著性检验（P=0.381）.对于参与计算的31个省会城市,2015年市区Q_a平均值在1~32W/m²之间,平均达17W/m²,相当于R_n平均值（147W/m²）的12%;在栅格尺度上（0.5min×0.5min）,除拉萨外,其余城市的Q_a像元最大值均超过了120W/m²,已经导致局地的热平衡发生了本质变化.研究认为,人为热释放因素不但需要在城市气候模拟研究中给予更多考虑,而且在全球和区域气候模拟与评价中以及制定气候变化应对策略时也有必要给予充分考虑,以促进全面认识并减缓气温升高.     

温瑞塘河流域水体污染时空分异特征及污染源识别

不同季节主要污染物的空间分布特征及其潜在的污染源分析对水资源管理与污染控制具有重要意义.本研究应用GIS、主成分分析方法对2008-09~2009-10温瑞塘河水的温度、DO、电导率、p H、浊度、NH+4-N、NO-2、NO-3、PO3-4、Si O2-3、H2S、TOC、TN等水质参数进行时空分异特征分析和潜在污染源的识别.结果表明流域内丰水期、平水期、枯水期的典型污染物是TN、NH+4-N、PO3-4,主要来自于工业和生活点源;空间上水质污染程度是三级河道二级河道一级河道,无论几级河道市区的水质都劣于郊区和湿地;时间上水质污染程度是枯水期平水期丰水期;另外河道周边人口密度、土地利用类型及其调水对温瑞塘河的水质产生了不同程度的影响.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的分子组成及来源

为研究泰山夏季大气PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸类化合物的浓度水平、分子组成及来源,于2014年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,分析其二元羧酸类化合物、生物源二次有机气溶胶的示踪物(异戊二烯、α-/β-蒎烯及β-石竹烯的氧化产物)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)及无机离子.结果表明,泰山夏季PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸的总浓度为(376±189)ng·m-3,其中草酸(C2)的浓度最高,其次是丙二酸(C3)、丁二酸(C4)和壬二酸(C9).泰山地区二元羧酸总浓度高于海洋地区,但低于城市和其他高山地区,表明受人为污染影响较小.C2/C4、C3/C4和F/M比值表明二元羧酸主要来自光化学氧化,且氧化程度较深.C9占二元羧酸的相对含量、C9/C6和C9/Ph比值均高于城市、海洋与高山地区,表明泰山地区SOA主要受生物源的影响,而非人为源.通过与模式估算值的对比及相关性分析,进一步表明泰山夏季二元羧酸类SOA主要受当地生物源光化学氧化的影响.     

Variability of Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, and Emissions in Scotch Pine Forests of Central Siberia

As part of the Russian FIRE BEAR (Fire Effects in the Boreal Eurasia Region) Project, replicated 4-ha experimental fires were conducted on a dry Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)/lichen (Cladonia sp.)/feathermoss (Pleurozeum schreberi) forest site in central Siberia. Observations from the initial seven surface fires (2000-2001) ignited under a range of burning conditions quantified the different fuel consumption and fire behavior characteristics (e.g., rate of spread, fireline intensity, etc.) possible in this particular forest fuel type. Experimental results and dendrochronological study of local fire history both support the dominance of local fire regimes by low to moderate-intensity surface fires. Carbon released by the experimental fires ranged from 4.8 to 15.4 t C ha^{− 1} depending on fuel conditions and fire severity. Preliminary emission data show a strong correlation between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which should facilitate accurate estimates of fire impacts on atmospheric chemistry. Carbon concentration in smoke samples was related to fire severity. The short landscape-scale fire-return interval (50 years), combined with typically low fire severity, in pine ecosystems of central Siberia is often associated with low tree mortality and relatively rapid buildup of litter and understory fuels after a fire.