Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

A multidecadal oscillation in precipitation and temperature series is pronounced in low flow series from Puget Sound streams

In Pacific Northwest streams, summer low flows limit water available to competing instream (salmon) and out-of-stream (human) uses, creating broad interest in how and why low flows are trending. Analyses that assumed linear (monotonic) change over the last ~60 years revealed declining low flow trends in minimally disturbed streams. Here, polynomials were used to model flow trends between 1929 and 2015. A multidecadal oscillation was observed in flows, which increased initially from the 1930s until the 1950s, declined until the 1990s, and then increased again. A similar oscillation was detected in precipitation series, and opposing oscillations in surface temperature, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation series. Multidecadal oscillations with similar periods to those described here are well known in climate indices. Fitted model terms were consistent with flow trends being influenced by at least two drivers, one oscillating and the other monotonic. Anthropogenic warming is a candidate driver for the monotonic decline, and variation in (internal) climatic circulation for the oscillating trend, but others were not ruled out. The recent upturn in streamflows suggests that anthropogenic warming has not been the dominant factor driving streamflow trends, at least until 2015. Climate projections based on simulations that omit drivers of multidecadal variation are likely to underestimate the range, and rate of change, of future climatic variation.     

河南省人类活动净磷输入的时空变化与影响参数

为探究河南省人类活动净磷输入状况,基于河南省18个省辖市(县辖市)行政单元统计数据,利用人类活动净磷输入量(NAPI)模型,核算河南省1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015和2019年人类活动净磷输入量.结果表明:在时间尺度上,1990～2015年河南省NAPI整体呈升高趋势,2015～2019年略...     

青岛近海不同污染过程下大气颗粒态氮磷浓度分布特征

2018年3月~2019年10月在青岛近海连续采集了大气气溶胶样品,测定出样品中溶解无机氮（DIN）、溶解无机磷（DIP）、溶解态总氮（DTN）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度分别为（7.13±6.59）μg·m^-3、（17.42±9.88）ng·m^-3、（8.34±7.03）μg·m^-3、（25.59±13.67）ng·m^-3、（10.68±10.59）μg·m^-3和（76.34±51.79）ng·m^-3.结果表明,受排放源强度、气团来源和气象条件等因素影响,采样期间气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度变化范围较大,DIN、DTN和TN呈现秋季浓度最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季浓度最低的季节变化特征;DIP、DTP浓度与氮组分具有相似的季节变化,表现为秋季高,夏季低,而TP浓度在春季最高,夏季最低.霾天气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度较晴天对照天均显著增加,DIN、DTN和TN较对照天分别提高了4.3、3.8和4.5倍,而DIP、DTP和TP较对照天分别提高了1.9、1.9和1.2倍,但不同时期霾天样品的氮组分浓度增长幅度相差较大,其中采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DIN/DTN的值分别为（92.65±4.09）%和（80.52±8.42）%,较对照天分别提高了8.87%和4.83%;而采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DTN/TN值分别为（73.41±12.18）%和（80.36±4.72）%,较对照天分别降低了13.35%和5.92%.霾天气溶胶中DIP占DTP的比重较对照天仅提高了1.47%,但变化较为复杂,随霾天不同而有较大差异;受气团来源、相对湿度和大气酸化过程等因素影响,气溶胶中DTP/TP的值较对照天提高了10.58%.受沙尘事件影响的气溶胶中DIN、DTN和TN的浓度较对照天分别提高了2.5、2.6和2.6倍,DIP、DTP和TP的浓度较对照天分别提高了4.0、2.8和7.2倍.     

兰州市春季微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径及细菌群落结构分布特性

分析了兰州市春季不同时段微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径和细菌群落结构组成的差异,探讨气象条件和空气污染物对微生物气溶胶分布的影响.结果表明,兰州市春季空气环境中总微生物、细菌、真菌和放线菌浓度均值分别为（2730±376）、（2243±354）、（349±38）和（138±22） CFU·m^-3,其中,细菌占82.16%,明显高于真菌和放线菌（P<0.05）.08：00~09：00时段总微生物、细菌和放线菌浓度明显高于18：00~19：00时段,微生物气溶胶浓度变化明显受气象条件和空气污染物的影响.细菌和真菌气溶胶粒子主要分布在前4级（>2.1 μm）,分别占85.13%和83.26%,而放线菌主要集中在后4级（<4.7 μm）上,占73.15%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,08：00~09：00和18：00~19：00时段细菌群落结构组成差异不显著（P>0.05）.乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为优势菌属,肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）等是兰州市春季空气环境的潜在病原菌.本研究结果为揭示兰州市春季微生物气溶胶污染状况以及相关病原菌对人类健康的潜在危害提供基础数据.     

Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2

Incorporating the missing heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) by NO₂ into the WRF-Chem model. Sulfate production is not sensitive to increase in SO₂ emission. The newly added reaction reproduces sulfate concentrations well during winter haze. We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are -0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s⁻¹). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.     

中国地区人为热分布特征研究

利用中国统计年鉴中全国各省份的非再生能源消费资料和2.5min×2.5min分辨率的人口格点数据,对中国地区人为热排放的时空分布进行研究,讨论了其分布特征和影响因素.结果表明,中国地区人为热通量随时间持续增长,特别是在2000年后增长加速,1985年到2000年从0.09W/m2增长到0.16W/m2,而到2013年已经增长到0.38W/m2.中国地区的人为热排放具有显著的地域特征,在华北、华东和华南,由于人口密度大、经济发达,人为热的污染很严重;在华中地区,人为热污染较严重的区域主要分布在以武汉为中心的经济圈;在东北地区,以大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨为中心的城市区域人为热污染也较为严重;而在西北和西南的大部分地区,人为热排放量很小,仅在以成都、重庆为中心的区域较大.历年来全国年均人为热的最大值都出现在上海,其中2010年最大,为113.5W/m2,上海人为热排放的年均值增长明显,可达到0.6W/m2/a.随着城市化进程的加快,人为热的排放愈来愈强,热污染对城市和区域的气候以及空气污染的影响也会越来越重要.     

Metals contamination in the foraging area of Milky Stork: evidence of anthropogenic inputs in the aquatic environment of Kuala Gula,Malaysia

The rapid decline of the wild Milky Stork population in Malaysia has led to the reintroduction of the captive bred species in Kuala Gula, Perak. The area is known as an important migratory stopover and sanctuary for both visitors and resident birds. Although Kuala Gula and its adjacent areas are regarded as pristine and unpolluted, recent study suggested that accumulation of certain pollutants is occurring in the aquatic environment of the area. Surface sediment samples from five foraging areas considered important to the reintroduced Milky Storks have been analyzed for metals contamination. The results show that elevations of Cu, Zn, and Pb ranging from 9.7 to 57 mg kg^?1, 71 to 120 mg kg^?1, and 28 to 47 mg kg^?1 have occurred, except for Cd (0.9–1.7 mg kg^?1). The accumulation of these metals is site-specific which reflects continuous anthropogenic inputs into the aquatic environment of Kuala Gula. In addition, metal levels in some areas have exceeded the effects range low values, and thus urgent action is needed to ensure good practice and sustainable management of Kuala Gula by responsible parties.     

Occupational exposures,delivered doses and exposure limits for chromium and nickel†

The interaction of HCH (50 mg/kg) and dietary protein levels on microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes system and liver lipids were studied in the rats for 90 days. The results indicated that rats fed a lower protein diet and HCH has a higher rate of mortality, lower rate of growth and an increased liver weight. A significant induction in the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine‐N‐demethylase, p‐nitroanisole‐O‐dealkylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activity was observed in pesticide treated animals as compared to control animals. The pathological changes observed in liver of HCH treated animals consisted mainly of necrosis and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. HCH also induced the significant accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid and total lipid in liver in low protein diet animals. Protein accelerates the metabolism of HCH, resulting in a decrease of HCH concentration with the increase of dietary protein level. A close correlation existed between lipid accumulation, induction of drug metabolizing enzyme system and deposition of HCH in liver.     

Heavy metals contamination in mudflat and mangrove sediments (Mumbai,India)

The focus of this study, carried out on mudflat and mangrove sediments of Ulhas Estuary and Thane Creek in Mumbai, India, documents how sediment analysis in different ecosystems can help in understanding metal behaviour and pollution status of the region. Based on the the geoaccumulation index (I _geo ), the study shows that the estuarine and creek regions, being recipients of industrial and domestic wastes, display moderate pollution. Ulhas Estuary with higher clay and organic matter contents, exhibits higher amounts of metals than Thane Creek. Furthermore, using correlation and cluster analyses, the creek projects stable subenvironments with similar types of metal associations, with Fe and total organic carbon as the dominant metal carriers. By contrast, in the estuarine subenvironments, the metal associations do not reveal any distinct trend, which may be attributed to the disturbance caused by dredging activities routinely carried out in the region. Factor analysis carried out on I _geo data in both regions further helped in identifying polluted metal groups.