Energy consumption,emissions and economic growth in Bahrain

This study examines the Granger causality relationships between economic growth, energy consumption and emissions, from 1980 to 2007 in Bahrain, controlling for capital and urban population using Toda and Yamamoto’s approach. It was found that there is unilateral causality which runs from urban population, economic growth, capital and energy consumption to environment. Further, we found strong support for causality running from economic growth to energy consumption, emissions and capital. The existence of these linkages suggests that the government of Bahrain may pursue energy efficiency strategies and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth. Additionally, the long run pursuit of high economic growth given sustained increases in energy efficiency may also reduce CO₂ emissions intensity per unit of her GDP.     

Energy and economic impacts of an international multi-regional carbon market

The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned.The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions.To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants,this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems.Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions,and describes in detail 17 energy technologies.Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions,the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies.Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model,and can be traded between sectors and regions.Considering the current development of the global carbon market,this study takes 2020 as the study period.Four scenarios(reference scenario,independent carbon market scenario,Europe Union（EUh-Australia scenario,and China-EU-Australia scenario） are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China,the EU,and Australia.We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot,from $32/tCO₂ in Australia,to $17.5/tCO₂ in the EU,and to $10/tCO₂ in China.Though the relative emission reduction（3%） in China is lower than that in the EU（9%） and Australia（18%）,the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia.When China is included in the carbon market,which already includes the EU and Australia,the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide（CO₂） to $12/tCO₂,due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China.Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China,increasing 0.03%of the EU’s and 0.06%of Australia’s welfare.The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%,reduces coal consumption by3.3%,and increases clean energy by 3.5%.     

中国省际碳排放效率的空间计量

本文基于至强有效前沿的最小距离法测算了我国1998-2011年的省际CO2排放效率,这种方法的优点是效率达到生产前沿后在投入或产出方面所做出的改动最小。然后在此基础上分析了我国省际碳排放效率的区域差异性以及空间相关性,最后运用1998-2011年我国30个省份的面板数据,建立空间面板数据模型,对我国碳排放效率的影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:样本期内,我国省际碳排放效率表现出较大的省际差异性,东部沿海省份的平均碳排放效率显著高于内陆省份。分地区看,东部地区的碳排放效率走势相对平稳,全国及中西部地区的碳排放效率则呈现出"U"型曲线的走势,并且东部地区的碳排放效率明显要高于中西部地区;空间自相关Moran’s I检验显示,省际碳排放效率在空间上存在着显著的空间自相关性,具有明显的集群趋势,而空间LISA图则表明省际碳排放效率不仅具有空间依赖性的特征,同时也有空间异质性的表现;经济规模、工业结构和能源消费结构对碳排放效率造成了较大的负面影响,对外开放、企业所有制结构以及政府干预对碳排放效率有正向影响,而产业结构对碳排放效率的影响则不显著。因此,对于将来中国提高碳排放效率工作的重点应该是实现经济增长模式由粗放型向集约型的转变,着重调整工业结构和能源消费结构,同时进一步提升对外开放的质量,加强政府的碳减排工作力度。     

基于两种样品前处理方法对比研究小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中痕量元素

通过对唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中非季风季节沉积的雪样分别进行酸化处理和消解处理后,利用高分辨扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪(ICP-SFMS)测试了样品中19种痕量元素(Ba、U、Sr、Rb、Tl、Mo、Cs、Pb、Sb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Al、Cu、Ti、Li、As)的酸化浓度和总浓度.研究结果表明,痕量元素浓度的变化范围较大,元素Al的最大/最小浓度比为326(酸化浓度)和465(总浓度),元素Pb相应比值为27和48.雪冰中痕量元素的总浓度一般大于该元素的酸化浓度,其中,元素Pb、Fe、Sb、Ba、Al、Ti的酸化浓度占总浓度的平均比值分别为91%、76%、60%、52%、33%和21%.一般地,样品中不溶微粒含量越大,酸化浓度占总浓度的比值越小;不溶微粒含量越小,则相反.对痕量元素的富集系数(EF)分析表明,各元素总浓度EF均值小于酸化浓度EF均值,揭示了用酸化浓度计算EF存在对痕量元素人为来源影响的高估.人类排放是小冬克玛底冰川中痕量元素的来源之一,对于元素Mo和Sb,人类排放估计是主要来源.利用后向轨迹模型模拟出小冬克玛底冰川雪冰中痕量元素在非季风季节主要来源于青藏高原西部及中亚中东地区.     

我国城市冬季PM2.5空间特征及其人为影响因子

以我国114个城市冬季(2013年12月-2014年2月)公布的PM25数据为基础,结合其他相关数据,运用空间自相关分析、克里格插值法和逐步回归分析法,研究我国冬季PM2.5浓度空间分布差异及其影响因素.结果显示,研究期间PM2.5在空间分布上具有高值集聚、低值集聚和高值邻域的低值集聚的变化特征,全局自相关系数Moran's I为0.27.PM2.5浓度分布由北到南、从内陆到沿海具有先升高后逐渐降低的变化趋势,高浓度区域主要集中在华北平原、长江中下游平原和陕西关中平原等地区,这些区域的冬季PM2.5平均质量浓度都达到150 μg·m-3以上,最高达250 μg·m-3.多因子逐步回归分析结果表明,人为活动对我国高浓度PM25(＞150μg·m-3)分布影响显著,对低浓度PM2.5(≤75μg·m-3)分布影响不显著.市辖区人口密度和第二产业GDP是显著影响我国高浓度PM2.5分布的主要人为影响因子.市辖区建成区面积、全市年末总人口和市辖区道路面积等是影响我国城市间PM2.5浓度分布差异的主要人为影响因子.     

资源型城市可持续发展对碳排放的影响研究——基于资源依赖的视角

基于2003~2018年285个地级市的面板数据,首先使用双重差分模型考察《全国资源型城市可持续发展规划(2013~2020年)》(以下简称《规划》)对碳排放的影响;其次,探究该政策通过资源依赖这一路径对碳排放的影响效果;进一步地,基于城市区域和城市规模两个视角分析该政策通过资源依赖影响碳排放的异质性效果;最后,探究《规划》的空间溢出效应.结果表明《规划》显著地降低了资源型城市的碳排放;机制分析表明,《规划》能够通过降低资源依赖进而减少碳排放,且产业结构升级和技术进步对《规划》的碳减排效应起到了正向调节作用;异质性分析表明,《规划》通过降低资源依赖进而促降碳排放的效果在东､中部地区以及大城市更为明显;《规划》对本地及周边地区均具有显著的碳减排效应.本研究对于在双碳目标下实现中国资源型城市的可持续发展具有重要的政策启示.     

低NOx环境异戊二烯促进甲苯生成甲基丁烯二醛的模拟实验

在低NO_x浓度条件下开展甲苯和异戊二烯复合体系的烟雾箱模拟实验,使用高时间分辨率的在线质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF-MS)实时监测混合体系中反应物与产物的浓度变化情况,探究人为源与天然源交汇过程中, 自然源挥发性有机物 (BVOCs)对人为挥发性有机物(AVOCs)化学降解的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯与甲苯竞争OH自由基,从而抑制了甲苯的化学降解,该竞争反应开始得越早,抑制效果越显著.研究还发现异戊二烯会增强甲苯RO₂降解途径产物的产量,生成更多1,4不饱和-二羰基化合物(如丁烯二醛和甲基丁烯二醛)与二羰基化合物(如乙二醛和甲基乙二醛),其中甲基丁烯二醛增量最高可达38.6%.此外,异戊二烯快速氧化生成的RO₂自由基碳数更少,可能与甲苯氧化生成的RO₂自由基发生了快速的交叉反应,有利于甲苯RO自由基的生成及裂解,最终导致甲苯RO₂途径裂解产物的增加.     

Environmental assessment of two home composts with high and low gaseous emissions of the composting process

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two home composts with low and high gaseous emissions of the composting process is presented. The study focused on the gaseous emissions of the composting process. Gaseous emissions of methane, nitrous oxides, ammonia and volatic organic compounds of the composting process were experimentally measured in field real trials. The results showed that the differences in gaseous emissions between the two home composts were 4.5, 5.8 and 52 for methane, nitrous oxides and ammonia, respectively. Higher emissions of nitrous oxides and methane affected significantly the category of global warming potential, while higher emissions of ammonia affected mainly the categories of acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidation. The differences found in the compost emissions were attributable to the composting production management (quality and composition of waste stream, frequency mixing of waste, humidity and temperature monitoring, among others) as well as weather conditions (temperature and humidity).     

RESEARCH: Optimizing the Mix of Strategies for Control of Vehicular Emissions

/ A number of strategies for the control of vehicular emissions are being considered by the Philippine government to address Metropolitan Manila's air quality problem. An analytical tool is needed for optimizing criteria pollutant reductions given the budgetary constraints. The simplest approach is to take costs and pollutant removals to be linear with each strategy's scale of activity, and this is readily solved as a linear programming problem. Another approach is to use a dynamic system of weights which shift with progressive improvements in pollutant emissions. The two approaches yield somewhat different results, suggesting the sensitivity of the solution to the assumed weights. The study also illustrates the importance of a sound methodology for evaluating priorities given to different air quality goals. One such methodology may involve a polling of expert panels and the public to gain insight into the relative importance given to competing emissions reduction goals. An informal polling of resource agency staff was conducted and discussed in this paper. The authors take the position that proper planning involves tracing intermediate steps to the final outcome and not just focusing on the latter.KEY WORDS: Vehicular emissions; Urban air quality; Emissions control; Optimization; Manila; Environmental systems analysis