超临界流体萃取固体物料动力学模型的研究进展(英文)

文章总结与讨论了超临界流体萃取固体物料的动力学模型。这些动力学模型包括经验模型,基于热传递类推的模型以及基于微分质量平衡的模型。所有这些都有助于实现过程的数学模拟放大,有助于投资前的经济预算,有效减小投资风险,也可作为超临界流体萃取过程的研究手段,减少实验探索的工作量。     

In-vehicle VOCs composition of unconditioned, newly produced cars

The in-vehicle volatile organic compounds （VOCs） concentrations gains the attention of both car producers and users. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine if analysis of air samples collected from an unconditioned car cabin can be used as a quality control measure. The VOCs composition of in-vehicle air was analyzed by means of active sampling on Carbograph 1TD and Tenax TA sorbents, followed by thermal desorption and simultaneous analysis on flame ionization and mass detector （TD-GC/FID-MS）. Nine newly produced cars of the same brand and model were chosen for this study. Within these, four of the vehicles were equipped with identical interior materials and five others differed in terms of upholstery and the presence of a sunroof; one car was convertible. The sampling event took place outside of the car assembly plant and the cars tested left the assembly line no later than 24 hr before the sampling took place. More than 250 compounds were present in the samples collected; the identification of more than 160 was confirmed by comparative mass spectra analysis and 80 were confirmed by both comparison with single/multiple compounds standards and mass spectra analysis. In general, aliphatic hydrocarbons represented more than 60% of the total VOCs （TVOC） determined. Depending on the vehicle, the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons varied from 12% to 27% of total VOCs. The very short period between car production and sampling of the in-vehicle air permits the assumption that the entire TVOC originates from off-gassing of interior materials. The results of this study expand the knowledge of in-vehicle pollution by presenting information about car cabin air quality immediately after car production.     

进口废物原料管理中存在的问题

废物原料主要是指经初加工再生、边角料、残次品等可以作为再生利用原料的废物。加强进口废物原料管理就显得尤为重要。本文首先分析了进口废物原料管理中存在的问题,其次,就如何加强进口废物原料管理进行了较为深入的探讨。     

环境矿物材料在水体污染治理进展中的研究

环境矿物材料在水体污染治理中的应用受到了人们的广泛关注.本文综述了环境矿物材料的改性方法,主要介绍了物理改性,主要有水热改性和焙烧改性,化学改性主要有无机改性和有机改性,探讨了在水体污染治理中的应用研究现状,主要包括去除重金属离子、去除有机污染物、去除无机阴离子和去除其他污染物,给出了环境矿物材料的发展趋势,主要包括加强环境矿物材料的研究、加强改性方法的研究和拓展与其他方法的联用等方面的应用研究.     

MgO-based adsorbents for CO2 adsorption: Influence of structural and textural properties on the CO2 adsorption performance

A series of MgO-based adsorbents were prepared through solution–combustion synthesis and ball-milling process.The prepared MgO-based powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,N_2 physisorption measurements,and employed as potential adsorbents for CO_2 adsorption.The influence of structural and textural properties of these adsorbents over the CO_2 adsorption behaviour was also investigated.The results showed that MgO-based products prepared by solution–combustion and ball-milling processes,were highly porous,fluffy,nanocrystalline structures in nature,which are unique physico-chemical properties that significantly contribute to enhance their CO_2 adsorption.It was found that the MgO synthesized by solution combustion process,using a molar ratio of urea to magnesium nitrate(2:1),and treated by ball-milling during 2.5 hr(MgO-BM2.5h),exhibited the maximum CO_2 adsorption capacity of 1.611 mmol/g at 25℃ and 1 atm,mainly via chemisorption.The CO_2 adsorption behaviour on the MgO-based adsorbents was correlated to their improved specific surface area,total pore volume,pore size distribution and crystallinity.The reusability of synthesized MgO-BM2.5h was confirmed by five consecutive CO_2adsorption–desorption times,without any significant loss of performance,that supports the potential of MgO-based adsorbent.The results confirmed that the special features of MgO prepared by solution–combustion and treated by ball-milling during 2.5 hr are favorable to be used as effective MgO-based adsorbent in post-combustion CO_2 capture technologies.     

Development of metal organic framework-199 immobilized zeolite foam for adsorption of common indoor VOCs

Reticulated foam shaped adsorbents are more efficient for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly from low VOC-concentration indoor air streams. In this study composite structure of zeolite and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), referred as ZMF, has been fabricated by immobilization of fine MOF-199 powder on foam shaped Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) Zeolitic structure, referred as ZF. The ZMF possess a uniform and well-dispersed coating of MOF-199 on the porous framework of ZF. It shows higher surface area, pore volume, and VOCs adsorption capacity, as compared to ZF-structure. Post-fabrication changes in selective adsorption properties of ZMF were studied with three common indoor VOCs (benzene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane), using gravimetric adsorption technique. The adsorption capacity of ZMF with different VOCs follow the order of benzene > n-hexane > cyclohexane. In comparison with MOF-199 and ZF, the composite structure ZMF shows improvement in selectivity for benzene from other two VOCs. Further, improvement in efficiency and stability of prepared ZMF was found to be associated with its high MOF loading capacity and unique morphological and structural properties. The developed composite structure with improved VOCs removal and recyclability could be a promising material for small to limited scale air pollution treatment units.     

环境因素对长航时无人机机体结构复合材料的影响

从环境因素对复合材料作用和大展弦比结构影响等方面分析了长航时无人机机体结构复合材料在服役环境中的损伤。结合目前国内外研究现状,扼要叙述了环境因素对长航时无人机机体结构复合材料的影响研究领域当前的主要需求,提出了针对未来研究工作的若干建议。包括应以长航时无人机机体结构典型碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料和涂层体系为主要研究对象,开展跟随无人机的暴露试验和实验室模拟加速试验,研究复合材料在环境和载荷耦合作用下的力学性能变化,确定机体结构典型复合材料的损伤规律等。     

基于碳纤复合材料的可重复使用运载器静电防护研究

目的研究可重复使用运载器的静电防护方案。方法针对可重复使用运载器特点,以及飞行期间遭遇的空间静电放电环境,基于空间静电带电数学模型,计算出运载器表面材料带电离子的静电充电电位。在此基础上,分析复合材料静电特性,提出静电防护层与电气设备等电位共地方案。结果该方案采用碳纤维复合材料作为静电防护层,与大截面积的接地母线相连,为运载器电气设备提供低阻抗、大电荷容量的等电位地。结论该方案能够有效抵御静电产生的干扰,为运载器电子设备提供可靠、安全、抗干扰的电磁环境。另外,该方案工艺实现简单,大大减轻了运载器的设计质量。     

阳极材料对6 L微生物燃料电池性能及有机废水处理效果的影响

阳极材料是影响微生物燃料电池实用化的关键因素之一.本文以碳刷、碳布或石墨毡阳极和泡沫镍空气阴极制成紧凑式6 L单室双空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究不同阳极材料对电池启动过程和运行以乙酸钠为基质的人工废水和实际屠宰废水的产电性能和废水处理效果的影响,比较了单位阳极成本的产电效益.结果表明:阳极材料对紧凑式MFC的启动过程没有明显影响;在产电性能方面,碳刷阳极MFC在人工废水和屠宰废水中的输出功率密度最高,分别为(56.3±1.8)W·m~(-3)和(19.5±0.8)W·m~(-3),其次为碳布阳极MFC,分别为(46.0±1.7)W·m~(-3)和(16.9±0.6)W·m~(-3),最差的是石墨毡阳极MFC,分别为(40.8±1.5)W·m~(-3)和(11.9±0.5)W·m~(-3);在废水处理效果方面,不同阳极MFC在运行人工废水或屠宰废水时COD去除率没有明显差别,均在90%左右.碳刷阳极MFC所产生的经济效益最高,在运行乙酸钠和屠宰废水时分别为(3.44±0.08)m W·元-1和(0.97±0.05)m W·元-1,分别比碳布MFC和石墨毡MFC高18.6%、12.8%和38.7%、80%.本研究结果说明碳刷是微生物燃料电池实用化过程中最合适的阳极材料.     

Decisions on recycling: Construction stakeholders’ decisions regarding recycled mineral construction materials

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste, being already the largest waste fraction in industrialized countries, is expected to increase in the future. C&D waste recycling has been considered to be a valuable option not only for minimizing C&D waste streams to landfills but also for mitigating primary mineral resource depletion. Even though the use of recycled mineral construction materials (RMCM) is regulated and successful application examples are available, construction stakeholders do not yet broadly apply them. Although various criteria hindering a transition towards a broader application of RMCM have been identified, it is yet unknown how these criteria differ among decisions, stakeholders and applications. We therefore analyze construction stakeholders’ behavior, and decision-making regarding RMCM for the construction material market in Switzerland. Stakeholders’ decision-making was quantified with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in a survey in combination with their behavior. The results demonstrate the importance of stakeholder interaction, i.e. most stakeholders decide which material to apply based on interaction with other stakeholders e.g., recommendations and specifications. However, the initial general specification by awarding authorities that construction should be sustainable has little relevance to the subsequent material decisions. On the contrary the role of the recommendation of engineers, have a high impact on the subsequent decisions by the other stakeholders. Results also confirm that RMCM are broadly accepted in civil engineering (CE), whereas in structural engineering (SE) RMCM are still a niche product. The good alignment of the outcome of decision modeling with observed behavior shows the usefulness of analyzing decision-making with AHP.