A new procedure combining GC-MS with accelerated solvent extraction for the analysis of phthalic acid esters in contaminated soils

An optimized procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is developed for the analysis of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), which are priority soil pollutants nominated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Quantification of PAEs in soil employs ultrasonic extraction (UE) (USEPA 3550) and ASE (USEPA 3545), followed by clean up procedures involving three different chromatography columns and two combined elution methods. GC-MS conditions under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode are described and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) criteria with high accuracy and sensitivity for target analytes were achieved. Method reliability is assured with the use of an isotopically labeled PAE, di-n-butyl phthalate-d4 (DnBP-D4), as a surrogate, and benzyl benzoate (BB) as an internal standard, and with the analysis of certified reference materials (CRM). QA/QC for the developed procedure was tested in four PAE-spiked soils and one PAE-contaminated soil. The four spiked soils were originated from typical Chinese agricultural fields and the contaminated soil was obtained from an electronic waste dismantling area. Instrument detection limits (IDLs) for the six PAEs ranged 0.10–0.31 μg·L^-1 and method detection limits (MDLs) of the four spiked soils varied from a range of 20–70 μg·kg^-1 to a range of 90– 290 μg·kg^-1. Linearity of response between 20 μg·L^-1 and 2 mg·L^-1 was also established and the correlation coefficients (R) were all>0.998. Spiked soil matrix showed relative recovery rates between 75 and 120% for the six target compounds and about 93% for the surrogate substance. The developed procedure is anticipated to be highly applicable for field surveys of soil PAE pollution in China.     

废线路板非金属物料再生利用新型工艺研究

以加热改性处理前后的废线路板非金属物料为对象,对其再生利用工艺进行了研究.通过添加硅烷偶联剂、润滑剂、抗氧化剂和改性剂等助剂改性共混,基于挤出注塑成型工艺过程,可制备废线路板非金属物料填充增强聚丙烯复合板材,该工艺同时可适合一定温度条件下加热改性处理后的非金属物料,其主要力学性能符合相关制品产品质量标准.确定的优化参数为:非金属物料添加质量分数30%,添加助剂包括硅烷偶联剂(1%)、润滑剂(1%)、抗氧化剂(1%)和改性剂(5%).     

刨花板及其木质原材料燃烧热解特性对比试验

为研究刨花板与木质原材料热解燃烧过程的区别,利用热重分析仪对空气和氮气条件下刨花板及其木质原材料进行研究。深入分析材料的燃烧热解失重过程的热重法和微商热重法曲线特性,确定了材料的燃烧特征参数。材料的燃烧热解动力学过程符合"双阶段一级反应"模型,利用考斯特-瑞地芬(Coats-Redfern)方法求得对应失重阶段的动力学参数。通过对比发现,刨花板较其木质原材料着火温度低,燃尽温度高,综合燃烧特性指数低;燃烧热解活化能和频率因子低,高温段失重率高;燃烧最终剩余质量和其木质原材料基本相同,热解剩余质量大于木质原材料。根据试验现象对刨花板燃烧热解过程中胶黏剂的作用机理进行了推断。     

危险化学品运输事故历史数据研究综述

系统地回顾国内外近20 a来的危险化学品运输事故历史数据分析的理论和方法,旨在为我国今后危险化学品运输风险研究提供指导。调研国内外危险化学品运输事故研究的历史数据来源,介绍该领域的主要研究方法及其发展过程,讨论现有研究内容及研究结果的共性和特征。发现现有研究主要集中于危险化学品的道路运输,侧重于分析运输事故的主要影响因素,经济损失、次生灾害及事故数与运输批次的关联方面的研究不足。提出要把事故后果的科学衡量作为未来的研究方向。     

热固性树脂对芳纶复合材制防弹性能的影响

采用环氧树脂对酚醛树脂进行改性,树脂的粘结强度明显提高,当环氧树脂含量保持在6％时,防弹复合板的防弹性能最优,复合板的安全裕度更高。而当树脂固含量在15％-25％,复合板的最大粘结力为37．8-40．1N,其中,当树脂固含量为20％时,防弹复合板的防弹性能最优。同时研究了增塑剂对复合板防弹性能的影响,结果显示,当增塑剂含量为15％时,防弹复合板的防弹性能最优。     

基于机会约束规划模型的应急物资库存与运输一体化问题研究

应急物资库存与运输问题是应急管理领域中2个重要研究方向,针对受灾点对应急物资需求的不确定性,将应急物资库存和运输2个环节相结合,采用机会约束规划模型的思想,建立应急物资库存与运输优化模型,采用遗传算法对模型进行求解,并通过具体算例说明模型的有效性,进而给出1个应急物资库存周期内,应急物资储备中心最佳订货量及应急物资运输车辆的最佳配送路径,从而保证整个系统运行费用最小。     

温和湿热预处理对稻秸理化特性及生物产沼气的影响

为考察温和湿热预处理提高秸秆产气速率的可行性,以水稻秸秆为原料,在湿热预处理温度80℃、物料含水率60%条件下,通过分析湿热处理前后稻秸理化特性及厌氧生物产气特性的变化,研究不同湿热预处理时间对秸秆预处理及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明,温和湿热预处理促进了稻秸有机物的溶出,预处理后稻秸水浸提液pH值有较大幅度下降,而COD、TVFA和乙酸含量均大幅度增加,与对照组相比,T1、T2和T3处理秸秆水浸提液COD浓度分别增加了47.19%、55.18%和60.62%,TVFA浓度分别增加了22.34%、33.98%和50.12%,乙酸浓度分别增加了19.52%、34.02%和49.37%,并且乙酸占TVFA百分比均超过85%以上,差异显著性分析表明,处理T1水浸提液各理化特性指标与对照组相比呈极显著差异,而不同温和湿热预处理之间无显著差异;对稻秸纤维素组分破坏效果明显,但不同预处理时间对秸秆木质纤维组分破坏效果影响不大;厌氧发酵产气的结果表明,温和湿热预处理可明显提高稻秸厌氧生物产沼气,发酵20 d平均容积产气率可提高12.53%以上,累积TS产气率可提高36.17%以上.可见,温和湿热预处理提高秸秆厌氧生物产沼气效果是可行的,考虑到工程应用中预处理能耗成本因素,湿热预处理时间以T1处理(即6 h)为宜.     

麻天然材料包装须有符合食品外包装的国标依据设计及应用前景

麻天然材料包装的推广应用是中国实现绿色包装的有效途径之一,在食品包装中使用麻天然材料环保又安全卫生.该文对我国麻的特性,麻包装的特点进行了梳理,阐述了麻包装应用现况,着重分析了麻在现代包装应用的新形式.     

用正交设计法研究阻燃LDPE薄膜配方

以低密度聚乙烯LDPE、氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷为原材料,利用正交设计法研究了新型阻燃薄膜配方,制备了阻燃型低密度聚乙烯薄膜,并对其氧指数进行测试.结果表明,新型配方中的氢氧化镁和微胶囊化红磷具有协同阻燃效果,并能在一定程度上解决燃烧时的熔滴现象;当氢氧化镁添加量小于29%时,两种阻燃剂对体系阻燃性的影响差别不明显;与纯LDPE薄膜相比,阻燃LDPE薄膜由于添加了上述两种阻燃成分,体系氧指数提高4%,改善了阻燃效果.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide composite

A novel composite adsorbent, hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide (HAp/MnO₂), has been developed for the purpose of removing lead ions from aqueous solutions. The combination of HAp with MnO₂ is meant to increase its adsorption capacity. Various factors that may affect the adsorption efficiency, including solution pH, coexistent substances such as humic acid and competing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), initial solute concentration, and the duration of the reaction, have been investigated. Using this composite adsorbent, solution pH and coexistent calcium or magnesium cations were found to have no significant influence on the removal of lead ions under the experimental conditions. The adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 769 mg·g⁻¹. The sorption processes obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The experimental results indicate that HAp/MnO₂ composite may be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions.