对纳米医学材料安全性问题的思考

笔者在综合国内外研究的基础上,从风险辨识、剂量反应阈值、接触阈值、风险评价、风险管理等5个步骤进行了危害分析和控制,提出了"人体、社会环境以及纳米医学材料"三者所构成系统的安全评价模型,认为其过程可分3步来进行;针对该模型提出建立健全相关法律、法规、质量和安全标准等8项安全对策措施,以降低纳米医学材料带来的风险。     

Novel materials for environmental remediation of tailing pond waters containing naphthenic acids

A nanofiltration strategy for tailing pond waters (TPWs) that utilizes cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymeric materials as supramolecular sorbents is proposed. Naphthenic acids (NAs) from the Athabasca TPWs are investigated as the target sorbate molecules.The sorption properties of several supramolecular porous materials were characterized using equilibrium sorption isotherms in aqueous solution wherein electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to monitor the concentration of NAs in aqueous solution. The characterization of the supramolecular sorbents was performed using ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy, while nitrogen porosimetry was used to estimate their surface area and pore structure properties. Independent estimates of surface area were obtained using a chromophore dye adsorption method in aqueous solution.The sorption results for NAs in solution were compared between a commercially available standard; granular activated carbon (GAC) and three types of synthetic materials. The sorption capacities for GAC ranged from 100 to 160 mg NAs/g of material whereas the polymeric materials ranged from 20 to 30 mg NAs/g of material over the experimental conditions investigated. In general, differences in the sorption properties between GAC and the CD-based sorbents were observed and related to differences in the surface areas of the materials and the chemical nature of the sorbents. The CD-based supramolecular materials displayed sorption capacities ranging from 36.2 to 657 m²/g as compared to that for GAC (795 m²/g).     

PAH desorption from river floodplain soils using supercritical fluid extraction

Sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was performed in order to estimate desorption of PAHs from river floodplain soils which contain coal and coal-derived particles. Original soils, soils' light fractions (ρ < 2 g cm⁻³), and <63 μm fractions were studied for PAHs' desorption kinetics. Desorption data were successfully described using a two-site model. Desorption rate constants were one order of magnitude lower than those of “slow” and “very slow” desorption rates from other studies. This suggests very slow and extremely slow desorption. Estimated time scales releasing 99% of total extractable contaminants ranged from decades for 2-4-ring PAHs and hundreds of years for 5-6-ring PAHs. We demonstrate that, despite high soil PAH concentrations which are due to coal and coal-derived particles, the general environmental risk is reduced by the very slow and extremely slow desorption rates.     

滇池富营养化水体新型除藻材料的试验研究

通过实验室小试 (2 0L)和滇池水体围栏扩大试验 (30 0m2 ) ,研究新型轻质除藻材料对滇池湖水中藻类的除藻及净化作用。小试结果表明 ,该除藻材料放入滇池水样实验 2 6d后 ,水质明显好转 ,藻类去除率可达 98% ,COD、TN及TP的去除率达到 38%～ 62 %。滇池湖边 30 0m2 水面围栏扩大试验结果显示 ,除藻材料放入试验区水体 1 0d后 ,水体中藻类含量明显减少 ,水体透光率从 55 %增加到 80 % ,水质状况也有很大改善。研究表明 ,该除藻材料是一种具有研究和应用价值的新型水体除藻材料。     

钻井固化土资源化利用技术研究

文章采用固化土资源化利用技术对钻井固化土进行处理。该技术采用钻井固化土为原料,用砂石作为骨料,通过高效固土复合材料的研制和固化土处置配方的优选实验得到满足强度要求的建筑材料,实现固化土的再利用。目前该技术已经在元坝六井井场内部修筑约300m2的护坡。现场结果表明,应用效果较好,节约成本,经济效益较大,且能满足相关质量要求,在很大程度上解决了固化土的处置问题,为钻井废物的无害化、资源化利用提供了技术参考。     

多环芳烃标准样品的研制

通过对6种多环芳烃(芴、菲、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi])标准样品的研制,系统地介绍了液体介质标准样品的研究、制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验、定值及数理统计的方法。      

循环经济建设中物质流分析的研究现状与进展

循环经济建设规划的首要任务是对系统进行物质流分析.按照系统的边界不同,物质流分析的研究通常分为3个层面--国家、区域及企业.在综合评述物质流分析研究现状的基础上,针对现有的不足,提出了今后的研究重点:①建立统一的计算方法,对物质流账户指标用生命周期评价进行修正;②对高资源消耗量和环境污染严重的重点行业企业的物质流进行分析研究; ③对国民经济发展非常重要的战略性资源,以及对环境危害较大物质的物质流开展研究工作.     

改善典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料引燃性能研究

通过针对典型硝胺类易燃易爆材料黑索今(RDX)和奥克托今(HMX)的引燃性能实验,研究了掺混碳黑和反应体系的封闭对上述药剂引燃特性的影响规律。研究表明,碳黑对硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光吸收率有重要影响;反应体系的密封可以有效提高激光引燃感度,缩短激光引燃延迟时间,改善硝胺类易燃易爆材料的激光引燃性能。     

综合利用石墨化废旧辅料的新方法

炭素石墨制品生产过程中产生的石墨化废旧辅料,在炭素行业是最有开发潜力的固体废物。通过初加工可实现回收利用,经研制开发新产品可实现综合利用。该综合利用方法表明,在实现综合利用中可获得大的经济效益和可观的社会效益。      

多孔填充材料的防火防爆机理及应用

在液化气体、燃料储罐内填充多孔材料,可有效地减少或避免储罐发生爆炸事故.本文分析了这类材料的防爆机理并简要介绍了其应用情况.