重金属环境标准样品发展现状及对策建议

对照国家《重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》和重金属有关的环境标准实施需求,从配套环境标准样品的角度,对现有重金属环境标准样品发展现状和存在的问题进行全面总结和梳理,并在深层次分析存在问题原因的基础上,对环境标准样品事业发展提出有关对策和建议。     

基于环境风险评价的危险品道路运输优化选线

张家港市拥有我国唯一的内河港保税区,区内化工产业密集,大量危险品在城市道路网上形成一个个“移动危险源”.本文系统分析了张家港市危险品道路运输过程中发生泄漏事故的风险:识别了道路网上危险品运输分布;提出了基于城市道路的泄漏事故率修正系数;运用ALOHA模型模拟事故情景、GIS计算影响区域长度和面积;从人口暴露和环境污染两方面构建风险评价模型并作为优化选线指标.基于上述基础,将风险评价模型应用于危险品道路运输网GIS平台,进行网络模块分析.结果表明,起迄点间路径的风险指数最小为14.12,该路径为最优路径,为张家港市危险品道路运输选线提供科学决策支持.     

不同有机物料对有机磷农药污染土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量的影响

农药污染严重影响了土壤的生态和食品的安全,为了解有机物料对农药污染土壤修复的影响,本文采用室内恒温恒湿培养的方法,研究了在有机磷农药污染的土壤中加入葡萄糖、堆肥、秸秆3种不同的有机物料对土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明：有机磷农药对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤的呼吸强度都有一定的影响,具体表现为前期（0～3 d）抑制,中期（3～40 d）为促进作用,后期（40 d以后）恢复稳定。加入有机物料后,显著提高了土壤的微生物生物量碳和土壤的呼吸强度,其中葡萄糖、堆肥、秸秆处理分别在第9、30、40天时的土壤的微生物生物量碳最高,在第9、30、50天时土壤的呼吸强度最高。有机磷农药对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶影响表现为先抑制后激活,然后恢复的变化趋势。加入不同有机物料后,堆肥和秸秆对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶都有促进作用,显著提高了其活性。堆肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性分别在0～20 d,20 d为最高,秸秆处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性都在40～50 d为最高。培养结束时（70 d）,秸秆、堆肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性要高于葡萄糖、空白处理。葡萄糖处理在前期（0～40 d）对过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性有一定的影响,到后期（40～70 d）同空白之间差异不大。研究结果表明有机物料的加入可以提高土壤微生物量和土壤的呼吸强度,提高土壤酶的活性,对于农药污染土壤的修复具有积极的作用。     

Analysis of factors that influence hazardous material transportation accidents based on Bayesian networks: A case study in China

In this study, we applied Bayesian networks to prioritize the factors that influence hazardous material (Hazmat) transportation accidents. The Bayesian network structure was built based on expert knowledge using Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, and the structure was modified based on a test for conditional independence. We collected and analyzed 94 cases of Chinese Hazmat transportation accidents to compute the posterior probability of each factor using the expectation-maximization learning algorithm. We found that the three most influential factors in Hazmat transportation accidents were human factors, the transport vehicle and facilities, and packing and loading of the Hazmat. These findings provide an empirically supported theoretical basis for Hazmat transportation corporations to take corrective and preventative measures to reduce the risk of accidents.     

Sensitivity analysis of Phast’s atmospheric dispersion model for three toxic materials (nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine)

We present the results of a parametric sensitivity analysis of a widely used model for atmospheric dispersion of toxic gases, in order better to understand the influence of user-adjustable parameters on model outputs. We have studied 60 min continuous release scenarios for three different products (nitric oxide, ammonia and chlorine), chosen to cover a range of physical characteristics and storage conditions. For each product, we have broken down base-case scenarios into a number of sub-scenarios corresponding to different release conditions which determine physical phenomena (flow rate, release angle, release elevation and atmospheric stability class). The use of statistical tools to analyze the results of a large number of model executions allows us to rank model parameters according to their influence on the variability of a number of model outputs (distances and concentrations), on a per-scenario and per-product basis. Analysis of the results allows us to verify our understanding of the modeling of cloud dispersion.     

警用热防护材料的应用研究和发展概况

热防护装备是警察面对火灾和高温时保存生存力和提高战斗力的必备装备,因此研究热防护材料的性能和防护机理显得尤为重要。本文分析了在警用领域热防护材料的研究现状,讨论了热防护材料的性能与表征方法,最后对新型热防护材料气凝胶的发展现状进行了介绍。     

易燃易爆危险品道路运输火灾事故应急区域的确定方法

从消防监管的角度给出了道路运输易燃易爆危险品的火灾危险性分级标准,分析了典型泄漏事故后果场景和常见的泄漏规模类型.介绍了美国消防协会NFPA471、应急响应手册ERG2008危险品运输事故初期区域的确定方法,并提出了基于影响半径的危险品道路运输火灾事故现场应急区域和人员疏散范围的确定方法.提出对于易燃易爆危险品道路运输事故应急区域的确定,在初期可优先采用ERG 2008提供的初期隔离距离与防护距离进行先期处置,然后根据运输危险品的类型、运输量和影响区人员总数进行定量评估分析,以确定适当的应急区域范围.依据运输道路场所环境和事故场景特点,快速而合理的确定事故应急隔离区和疏散区,可较科学地应对突发性灾难事故,采取快速应急响应措施,优化消防警力配备.该文研究提出的方法和研究结论,可为危险品道路运输消防应急力量优化调度,现场指挥员采取有效措施开展抢险救援行动提供技术支持,有利于现场事故应急处置和人员快速安全疏散.     

多应急点多需求点物资调度的灰色多目标规划

为了研究在信息不确定情况下,应急物资需求量和应急时间为区间数的物资调度问题,基于灰色系统理论构建多目标规划模型,结合实例并采用灰色区间数求解方法,计算物资调度方案。结果表明:应急物资调度与区间参数取值无关,相关调度模型与算法对应急初期的实际物资调度具有参考意义;运用灰色区间数描述调度中的不确定因素,有助于提高实际物资调度过程中的准确性。     

吸附材料对钒矿污染土壤重金属的稳定化效果

选用壳聚糖和活性炭两种吸附材料,分别以不同的质量比添加到供试土壤中,固化后进行毒性浸出实验,研究吸附材料对土壤中钒(V)、铬(Cr)的稳定化效果,并通过表征吸附材料的红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探究吸附材料对V、Cr的稳定化机理.结果表明,壳聚糖对V、Cr均有较好的稳定化效果,活性炭对V的稳定化效果不稳定,对Cr的稳定化效果很好.吸附材料添加量的改变对稳定化效果影响不大.稳定化30d时,0.5%壳聚糖对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为74.04%、46.77%;0.5%活性炭对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为1.86%、87.75%.FTIR和XPS表征结果表明,壳聚糖中含活性强的氨基和羟基较多,活性炭中含氨基、羟基较少.因此壳聚糖和活性炭可作为土壤重金属的稳定剂,使钒矿污染土壤得到修复.     

Geographical analysis of commercial motor vehicle hazardous materials crashes on the Oregon state highway system

Crashes on highways frequently cause hazardous material exposure to the public and the environment. We evaluated differences in hazardous materials-related crashes vs. non-hazardous-material-related commercial motor vehicle crashes occurring from 2000 to 2006 on the Oregon state highway network. The two groups were compared for crash characteristics by χ² analysis, and spatial clustering was tested using Ripley's K-function and kernel density estimator analyses. There were 8,622 total commercial motor vehicle crashes, 232 being hazardous-materials related. Hazardous materials-related crashes were not significantly associated with different road surface conditions, weather conditions or cause of crash. Hazardous materials-related crashes were associated more frequently with late evening/early morning hours and under artificial lights or at dusk. The commercial motor vehicle drivers in hazardous materials-related crashes were less frequently at fault than ones in the non-hazardous materials-related crashes. The planar Ripley's K-function indicated non-hazardous materials-related crashes were more clustered than hazardous materials-related ones. Both cohorts clustered at the 12–14 mile range. The kernel density estimator analysis indicated hazardous materials-related clusters are small and discrete along the main highway corridors, non-Hazardous materials-related ones seemed to form elongated confluent clusters along all highways. Since there seem to be few differences between the two cohorts in characteristics of the crashes and the frequency of hazardous materials-related crashes is low compared to the total commercial vehicle crashes, future geographical studies may focus on characteristics of all commercial motor vehicle crashes.