磺胺抗性消长与堆肥进程的交互特征

基于添加和不添加磺胺药[m(磺胺二甲嘧啶SM2)∶m(磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶SMM)=1∶1]的好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中鸡粪理化性质、微生物群落代谢特征、磺胺抗生素以及5种抗性基因变化,探明磺胺抗性消长与堆肥过程的交互特征.结果表明,磺胺药添加抑制了堆肥基础呼吸,延长了堆体达到高温的时间,减缓了养分转化速度,显著影响堆肥中期微生物群落结构特征.鸡粪中SMM和SM2在堆肥14 d内即可完全降解,且SMM降解速率高于SM2.随堆肥进行,sul1和sul2呈先下降后轻微回升的趋势,磺胺药添加对sul1和Int I1丰度无明显提高作用,但可促进sul2扩散.堆肥过程中,tet Q和tet W变化与磺胺抗性基因不同,但磺胺药添加亦增加tet Q和tet W相对丰度.冗余分析结果显示,温度与sul1、sul2和Int I1明显负相关,与tet Q和tet W无明显相关性;5种抗性基因相对丰度均与碳氮比和硝态氮含量负相关,与p H、含水率和铵态氮含量正相关.     

基于三维成像技术的污泥菌群中抗生素抗性基因转移动态特征研究

应用活细胞三维成像技术,实时和原位观测了活性污泥菌群中抗生素抗性基因转移动态特征.微流控芯片是一种细菌生长的良好载体,活细胞成像系统低光毒性不损伤细菌活性,两者结合能有效实现基因转移的长时间原位观测,能够区分抗性基因的水平转移和垂直转移.结果表明:垂直转移是污泥菌群中抗性基因的主要转移方式,菌群纵向转移速率与其厚度有关,菌群内部转移率较高,基因转移速率为0.24～0.29 h~(-1).     

铜尾矿库区土壤重金属及微生物重金属抗性基因空间分异特征

重金属污染的长期存在,使环境中的微生物保持并不断强化其自身重金属抗性.为了研究长期污染场地重金属污染水平和土壤中微生物重金属抗性之间的关系,本文以山西省灵丘县刁泉铜矿尾矿库区及其周边为研究对象,研究了不同立地条件下土壤重金属含量特征以及重金属抗性基因的丰度与分布,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对该区域的生态环境风险进行了评估,并对重金属及重金属抗性基因进行相关分析.结果表明:①研究区土壤重金属污染严重,7种重金属Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Cu、Pb含量均超过山西土壤背景值,单因子潜在生态危害程度顺序基本上为CdPbCuAsNiZnCr.②尾矿库区存在不同程度的生态危害,尾矿坝、草地属于很强生态危害,林地、农田处于强生态危害,不同样地间的潜在生态风险顺序为草地尾矿坝农田林地.③相对丰度较高的重金属抗性基因主要是针对Cu、As的抗性,针对Cu抗性以cop基因为主,针对As抗性以ars基因为主.④除copA基因与重金属之间存在显著相关性外,其他重金属抗性基因与重金属含量之间的相关性不显著.     

织物抗低速冲击性能测试仪的研制

本文介绍了用于测试织物抗低速冲击过程中对冲击能量吸收性能测定的仪器的设计思路和结构组成。在抗冲击标准的基础上通过自制冲击装置,使用漫反射光电感应设备及利用LabVIEW虚拟仪器软件成功地设计了织物的抗低速冲击性能测试仪。     

天津水产业磺胺类耐药细菌及其分布

水产养殖中抗生素的滥用可能会诱导水产品和周围环境中的耐药菌.针对天津市北辰区、西青区、东丽区和津南区的6个水产养殖场的底泥和水样,采用抗性平板筛选耐药细菌,通过对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率分析,发现底泥中的耐药率要大大高于水中的耐药率,并且与国外的某些研究相比,底泥的细菌耐药率呈现较高的趋势.另外,利用16S-rDNA鉴定出8...     

MBR处理抗生素废水实验研究

以沈阳某制药厂为例,以制药厂废水处理工程UASB出水为原水,开展了MBR处理抗生素废水小试实验,对CODcr去除效果、氨氮去除效果以及膜的清洗与再生进行了研究。研究表明：当进水CODcr负荷小于7kg/m·3d时,出水CODcr在40mg/L以下,出水氨氮在40mg/L以下,处理效果良好;采用5%NaOH以及0.5%NaClO溶液作为化学清洗药剂时,清洗效果较好。     

环境中抗生素污染物的研究进展

最近的研究显示,在城市污水、表面水、土壤甚至食物中都检测到了不同种类抗生素的存在,抗生素在环境中的残留问题已经引起了研究者的关注。本文主要介绍了当前国内外抗生素的使用情况、来源,在环境中暴露途径、归趋和对生态的影响等方面的最新研究进展及存在问题,并提出了今后抗生素环境污染研究的主要方向。     

Isolation,identification, Pb(Ⅱ) biosorption isotherms and kinetics of a lead adsorbing Penicillium sp. MRF-1 from South Korean mine soil

A heavy metal contaminated soil sample collected from a mine in Chonnam Province of South Korea was found to be a source of heavy metal adsorbing biosorbents. Chemical analyses showed high contents of lead (Pb) at 357 mg/kg and cyanide (CN) at 14.6 mg/kg in the soil. The experimental results showed that Penicillium sp. MRF-1 was the best lead resistant fungus among the four individual metal tolerant fungal species isolated from the soil. Molecular characterization of Penicillium sp. MRF-1 was determined using ITS regions sequences. E ects of pH, temperature and contact time on adsorption of Pb(II) by Penicillium sp. MRF-1 were studied. Favorable conditions for maximum biosportion were found at pH 4 with 3 hr contact time. Biosorption of Pb(II) gradually increased with increasing temperature. E cient performance of the biosorbent was described using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. Biosorbent Penicillium sp. MRF-1 showed the maximum desorption in alkali conditions. Consistent adsorption/desorption potential of the biosorbent in repetitive cycles validated the e cacy of it in large scale. SEM studies given notes on surface modification of fungal biomass under metal stress and FT-IR results showed the presence of amino groups in the surface structure of the biosorbent. In conclusion, the new biosorbent Penicillium sp. MRF-1 may potentially be used as an inexpensive, easily cultivatable material for the removal of lead from aqueous solution.     

高硫抗生素废水微好氧连续处理系统的进水负荷效应研究

在14~18℃条件下探讨了不同进水负荷对高硫抗生素废水微好氧连续处理系统的处理效果和污泥中细菌、酵母菌含量的影响.结果表明,在低负荷[COD=2 kg.(m3.d)-1]条件下,污泥以细菌为优势菌群(细菌含量为96%),污泥浓度和污泥脱氢酶活性(TF/MLSS.t)分别为300 mg.L-1、4300 mg/(g.h),污泥SVI=35 mL.g-1,COD去除率仅为13%;当升高负荷至初始负荷的5倍和10倍时,污泥中以酵母菌为优势菌(酵母菌含量分别为67%和71%),污泥浓度分别为2300、1500 mg.L-1,污泥DHA活性(TF/MLSS.t)分别为9600、10800 mg/(g.h),污泥SVI值分别为160、110 mL.g-1,COD去除率升高到40%~50%,进水负荷对污泥微生态构成和系统处理效果均具有显著影响.     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.