活性污泥SBR系统对四环素耐药菌和总四环素的去除特性

通过模拟运行SBR工艺,比较不同四环素进水浓度、运行周期以及氧环境条件对四环素耐药菌及痕量四环素的去除特性.结果表明,痕量四环素的存在会对活性污泥中微生物耐药性产生影响,SBR进水四环素浓度为250μg.L-1时活性污泥中的微生物会逐步变成耐药微生物,而进水中不含四环素时,耐药的微生物会逐步变成非耐药微生物.总四环素的去除效果在好氧条件下周期为12 h时最好,达到90%以上.好氧条件下周期为8 h时每克污泥增加的四环素耐药菌数最多,约为2.89×109CFU.g-1;好氧条件下周期为20 h时为最少,约为1.0×108CFU.g-1,有利于缓解四环素耐药菌的产生.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物标志物技术的研究进展

抗生素作为抑菌或杀菌药物被广泛应用于畜禽养殖中。不能完全被机体吸收的抗生素经由畜禽排泄物直接进入环境。随着耐药基因和超级病菌的出现,抗生素产生的环境问题引起了广泛关注。土壤是环境中抗生素最主要的累积场所之一,对土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物指示指标的研究具有重要意义。本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了抗生素对土壤中微生物、动物和植物所产生的毒性以及分子生物标志物在土壤抗生素污染研究中的应用,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

北江河水中抗生素抗性基因污染初步研究（Preliminary Studies on the Pollution Levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Water of Beijiang River, South China）

环境中细菌的耐药性,尤其是对抗生素的耐药性已成为影响生态环境的重要因素.论文采用抗生素抗性平板法调查了北江河水中四环素、红霉素及磺胺类这3类抗生素耐药性细菌的存在,采用定性PCR及荧光定量PCR方法分别研究了该水域sul1和sul2这2种磺胺类抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的存在和含量水平.结果表明,所采集北江水域的9个样品中有5个对四环素有耐药性,7个对红霉素有耐药性,8个对磺胺二甲嘧啶有耐药性;定性PCR实验并经基因测序结果证实,5个样品含有sul1,4个样品含有sul2.进一步的PCR定量分析结果显示,7个样品中均检出sul1和sul2磺胺抗性基因,它们与内对照基因16S-rRNA表达量比值分别在10-2.56~10-0.52及10-3.25~10-1.24范围内,该结果显著高于美国科罗拉多州北部河流的研究结果.此外,数据分析也发现,sul1和sul2磺胺抗性基因的含量水平与该区域水中磺胺含量分布具有一定的相关性,表明外源性抗生素对河流的污染是诱导抗性基因的重要因素.     

皮质醇影响青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达的研究

目前河流中存在较高浓度的天然和人造糖皮质激素(如皮质醇等)污染,其可能对鱼类的渗透压调节和海河洄游产生影响.鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶对调节渗透压平衡、适应海河洄游等起关键性作用,有研究表明鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达受皮质醇调控.为此,论文克隆了青鳉钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因的序列片段,建立了实时定量RT-PCR测定方法,研究了盐度的增加对其基因表达的影响,并重点探讨了皮质醇对鱼类适应盐度时鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达变化的影响.结果表明,适应15‰盐水的青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达显著升高;在转入淡水48h后,钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达基本恢复到正常水平,但是转入含有100ng·L-1皮质醇暴露水平的淡水中,48h后钠钾ATP酶α基因表达仍处于较高水平,表明100ng·L-1浓度的皮质醇能够显著诱导鳃内钠钾ATP酶α的基因表达,可能干扰渗透压调节,对一些洄游鱼类的溯河过程可能构成潜在影响.     

土壤甲胺磷抗性细菌种群特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for Acephatemet Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Soils）

应用高浓度甲胺磷培养基,对农药厂排污口土壤微生物进行分离,鉴定出21株细菌,分属13个细菌属.对甲胺磷抗性细菌脂肪酸的分析,共测定到38个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即1)高频次分布的生物标记,普遍存在于细菌类群,属于细菌总体类群(Bacteriaingeneral)的生物标记;2)中频次分布的生物标记,在细菌种出现概率中等,可以用于代表细菌属类群(Bacteriumgenus)识别生物标记;3)低频次分布的生物标记,在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记;4)微频次分布的生物标记,这种生物标记仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将假单胞杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括了铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量小于3.60%;第2类包含了伞菌假单胞菌、威隆假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、温哥华假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量大于5.99%.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对甲胺磷抗性细菌种的聚类分析,能有效地将细菌类群分为3类,微生物群落中存在着稳定的生物标记和受环境影响的生物标记,论文提供了一种脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,结合细菌的生物学特性研究,可以解释微生物在环境中的变化,对于土壤微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

纳米材料对环境抗生素抗性基因污染扩散影响的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的环境扩散严重威胁了人类健康和生态安全。除抗生素滥用所产生的选择性压力以外,其他环境物质也能影响ARGs的传播。而纳米材料的广泛应用使其不可避免地在环境中扩散并进而影响ARGs的环境分布。因此,笔者综述了近年来纳米材料影响ARGs污染扩散的研究,并探讨了纳米材料对ARGs传播的影响机制,旨在深入理解ARGs的环境扩散行为,为ARGs环境控制及纳米材料非毒性环境效应的评估提供理论和技术支持。     

Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide,sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River,Beijing

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River. SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area. SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge. The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter. Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors. Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×10⁶, 6.94×10⁶, and 2.18×10⁴ copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R² = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.