1-硝基芘和多环芳烃联合致突变性的研究

测定了１－硝基芘（１－ＮＰ）和其它（硝基一）多环芳烃对Ａ试验的６个菌株（ＴＡ９８，ＴＡ１００，ＹＧ１０２１，ＹＧ１０２４，ＹＧ１０２６，ＹＧ１０２９）的单一和联合致突变性，１，６－二硝基芘（１．６ＤＮＰ）、１－硝基芘（１－ＮＰ）和２－硝基坊（２－ＮＦ）所单一致突变性都为ＹＧ１０２４，ＹＧ１０２１，ＴＡ９８，ＹＧ１０２６，ＹＧ１０２９，ＴＡ１００，地２－ＮＦ的敏感性稍有差别，联合致突变性实验结果表明     

Parametric sensitivity analysis for thermal runaway in semi-batch reactors: Application to cyclohexanone peroxide reactions

The semi-batch reactors (SBRs) system, which is widely used in industrial processes, possesses an intrinsic parametric sensitivity, in which infinitesimal disturbances of input parameters can result in large variations in output variables. In this work, local parametric sensitivity analysis (PSA) was used to understand parameter variations and global PSA was conducted to examine the interaction of input parameters. The effects of these parameters on the output of the system model were analyzed based on the Monte Carlo method with Latin hypercube sampling and the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test model. The results showed that the evolution of thermal behaviors in SBRs were observed: marginal ignition; thermal runaway; and the quick onset, fair conversion, and smooth temperature profile. The threshold point of transition from marginal ignition to thermal runaway was at the maximal value of local sensitivity, for which the slope with respect to cooling temperature equaled zero. Moreover, the sequence of the global sensitivity of six common input parameters was computed and evaluated. The reliability of the numerical models was verified by using our previous experimental results of cyclohexanone peroxide reaction. This comprehensive sensitivity analysis could provide valuable operating information to improve chemical process safety.     

考虑滚动阻抗的线性接触模型离散元宏细观参数敏感性研究

为克服无黏性土的离散元研究中未考虑颗粒间抗转动作用的缺陷,基于抗转动线性接触模型开展一系列排水固结三轴压缩模拟试验,结合随机森林算法详细探讨抗转动线性接触模型中各细观参数(有效模量、刚度比、摩擦系数、抗转动系数)与试样的宏观参数(初始弹性模量、泊松比、峰值强度)间的关系.结果表明:颗粒有效模量的提高会使试样的初始弹性模...     

钢铁行业生命周期碳排放核算及减排潜力评估

钢铁行业是中国碳密集度最高的工业行业之一,为分析钢铁行业生命周期碳排放及碳减排潜力,从生命周期角度构建碳排放核算模型,以2020年为例开展实证分析,通过优化废钢使用量、化石燃料燃烧量、电力碳足迹因子以及清洁运输比例4项变量,对钢铁行业生命周期碳减排潜力作预测评估,同时使用敏感性分析确定影响钢铁生命周期碳减排因素的关键程度.结果表明,2020年中国钢铁行业全生命周期二氧化碳(CO₂)排放总量约24.04亿t,其中原料获取和加工生产阶段是钢铁行业碳排放的关键环节,占钢铁行业生命周期CO₂排放总量的98%以上.从CO₂排放源类别分析,化石燃料节约和外购电力清洁化是钢铁行业降碳的重中之重.到2025年,通过推广低碳技术、优化电力结构、增加废钢炼钢量、提高清洁方式运输比例,分别可使钢铁行业实现20%、 6%、 5%和1%的碳减排潜力.化石燃料燃烧量对钢铁行业生命周期CO₂排放的影响最显著,电力碳足迹因子和废钢炼钢使用量次之.关于钢铁行业节能低碳技术,短期内以推广轧钢工序与高炉炼铁工序低碳技术为主,未来随着电炉...     

1950年以来BHC在杭州环境中积累、迁移与残留动态的模拟研究

根据区域环境背景值、BHC施用量及其物化性质参数,以逸度模型为工具,建立了描述BHC在杭州多介质环境中迁移转化的动态模型．通过模拟结果了解各时期BHC在气、水、土壤、沉积物、鱼、植物叶和根等10种环境介质中的积累、迁移和残留情况,并考虑了环境介质物理性质差异、温度对BHC热力学参数的影响,及对其环境行为和归宿的影响．模型模拟了自1952年BHC在研究区域大量施用以来,在环境中逐渐累积并达到稳定,因BHC禁用又逐渐消失的过程中,BHC在各环境介质中的分布、浓度及其在毗邻介质间迁移通量的动态变化．对模拟结果与实测BHC浓度的验证表明二吻合较好．虽然杭州地区有机氯农药用量远高于其它地区,但由于该区温度较高有利于BHC的降解和挥发,目前BHC的浓度和残留量均低于北方地区．该研究的成果可用于有机污染物暴露风险评价,还可为预测其它有机污染物的归宿提供基础数据和模型框架．     

A preliminary investigation on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the Beijiang River, South China

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was investigated and quantified in 20 water samples collected in the Beijiang River, South China. Sulfonamide- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria were present in 17 and 14 of the collected 20 samples. For sulfonamide ARGs, sulI and sulII were frequently observed in the Beijiang River. The levels of sulI were higher than sulII (p < 0.05), with the mean values of (1.41 ± 1.12) × 10-2 and (1.58 ± 1.71) × 10-3 copies/16S rDNA, respectively. For tetracycline ARGs, tetG had the highest frequency, 100%, followed by tetA (85%), tetO (85%), tetC (70%), tetX (60%), tetM (40%) and tetQ (20%), while tetE and tetS were not detected in all the samples from the Beijiang River. On the other hand, tetC had the highest concentration, ranging from 8.30 × 10-2 to 13.20 copies/16S rDNA. The poor correlation between ARGs and antibiotic concentrations revealed that the self-amplification and persistence of ARGs were the reasons that made ARGs exist in the water environment even though the antibiotic selecting pressure was absent. Because so few field measurements have been conducted for investigating the levels of ARGs in rivers in South China, this study provides an important insight on better understanding the occurrence and spread of ARGs in such an ecosystem.     

鸡粪与麦秆混合厌氧发酵环境中各因子响应关系研究

为了探究发酵过程中各因子之间的相互响应关系,以鸡粪和麦秆为发酵原料,利用Canoco4.5软件对鸡粪/麦秆不同比例混合发酵条件下不同发酵阶段内各因子进行分析,以阐明各发酵阶段内因子间的相互影响关系.结果表明:当鸡粪/麦秆以5∶5的比例混合时,能获得最佳单位甲烷产量(90.56 m L·g-1,以VS计).在整个发酵过程中甲烷产气速率表现为先升高再降低的趋势,将其根据产气速率的大小划分为3个阶段,分别为第Ⅰ阶段(预备期)、第Ⅱ阶段(高峰期)、第Ⅲ阶段(消退期).不同发酵阶段影响单位甲烷产量的主效因子有一定的差异性,其中,第Ⅱ阶段的主效因子为发酵基质的C/N,第Ⅲ阶段为p H值.各发酵阶段因子间相关性各异,第一阶段因子间相关性最强,此后相关性逐渐降低.因此,针对不同阶段各主效因子分别进行控制,能够有效提高发酵效率.     

Acceleration sensitivity of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures

To measure the explosion pressure inside an enclosure, it is common to install a piezoelectric pressure sensor in the enclosure wall. The pressure wave of the internal explosion inevitably leads to vibrations of the enclosure walls. This unwanted but naturally occurring motion is also transmitted to the pressure sensor mounted in the enclosure wall and results in inertial forces affecting the piezoelectric element. During the measurement of the explosion pressure, this affects the output signal of the pressure sensor since an undesired signal due to the acceleration of the pressure sensor is superimposed on the desired pressure signal. This behaviour of the sensor is described as acceleration sensitivity. The level of acceleration sensitivity depends on the type and construction design of the pressure sensor. Even though this sensor behaviour is basically not a new phenomenon, the evaluation of an international comparison between Ex testing laboratories in the field of flameproof enclosures has shown that the consideration of this issue is a major challenge in daily practice concerning the measurement of explosion pressures and is even often completely neglected.This work evaluates the behaviour of various piezoelectric pressure sensors with respect to the influence of acceleration and investigates the specific impact on the explosion pressure measurement in the field of flameproof enclosures. For this purpose, explosions from typically used explosive mixtures such as hydrogen, propane and ethyne in air are examined. These investigations involve simple model enclosures with various specifications as well as a commercially available equipment for hazardous areas. By using blind holes and specially designed adapters, a practical method is applied to be able to detect the effect of acceleration on the sensor signal separately from the pressure signal. For this purpose, both the discrete-time pressure curves and the frequency components are analysed using Fast Fourier Transform. The use of signal filters as a practical and fast approach to address these unwanted signal components is discussed and evaluated.This paper provides guidelines for typical end-users in the field of flameproof enclosures how to handle acceleration of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures correctly.     

MODELING AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING DECISIONS IN WATER RESOURCES EXPANSION1

ABSTRACT. Individuals and organizations concerned with the expansion of the facilities of a river basin (such as a river basin authority) need to determine optimal strategies of operation and capital investment. They also need to examine the sensitivity of whatever planning decisions are contemplated. This paper extends the applicability of an algorithm that had been previously applied to the deterministic river-basin expansion problem to include the feature of a sensitivity analysis. The algorithm, containing a partial enumeration search technique and a network analysis code, gave a construction sequence of reservoirs, canals, and treatment plants, and an operating policy that maximized the present value of net earnings consistent with certain underlying assumptions. A river basin was chosen that had an existing configuration of unregulated streams and rivers, reservoirs, canals and treatment plants, and sites for future additional facilities. A series of representative synthetic flow sequences, future demand profiles, interest rates and reservoir costs that served as inputs to or parameters in the system were each perturbed by various factors (for a total of 24 cases). The sensitivity studies showed that the immediate planning decision of what facility to construct next was insensitive to variations in future demands and costs and independent of later decisions. Thus, decision-making was adaptive in the sense that by always making the optimal proximate decision, the management of the river basin is optimized.     

A Sensitivity and Error Analysis Framework for Lake Eutrophication Modeling1

ABSTRACT: A framework for sensitivity and error analysis in mathematical modeling is described and demonstrated. The Lake Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (LEAP) consists of a series of linked models which predict lake water quality conditions as a function of watershed land use, hydrolgic variables, and morphometric variables. Specification of input variables as distributions (means and standard errors) and use of first-order error analysis techniques permits estimation of output variable means, standard errors, and confidence ranges. Predicted distributions compare favorably with those estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to data from Lake Morey, Vermont. While possible biases exist in the models calibrated for this application, prediction variances, attributed chiefly to model error, are comparable to the observed year-to-year variance in water quality, as measured by spring phosphorus concentration, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate, summer chlorophyll-a, and summer transparency in this lake. Use of the framework provides insight into important controlling factors and relationships and identifies the major sources of uncertainty in a given model application.