环介导恒温扩增技术快速检测短凯伦藻

短凯伦藻(Karenia brevis)是一种有毒赤潮微藻,所产生的短藻毒素对海洋生物乃至人类都有毒害作用,为加强对短凯伦藻赤潮的监控,建立了稳定的短凯伦藻环介导恒温扩增(LAMP)鉴定体系,在此基础上进行了特异性和灵敏性验证.特异性实验结果显示只有短凯伦藻或者含短凯伦藻的模板呈现阳性反应,其他微藻为阴性反应,从而验证了该LAMP方法的特异性;同时,对短凯伦藻的基因组DNA进行一系列10倍稀释作为敏感度实验的模板,并与常规PCR做了对比,结果表明:短凯伦藻的LAMP方法最低检测限度为50 pg,敏感度比常规PCR高10倍.LAMP产物鉴定不需要常规的胶电泳过程,直接采用肉眼观察的方法,在含有短凯伦藻的阳性反应管中会出现白色混浊,加入SYBRòGreen I染料呈现绿色,而未含有短凯伦藻的阴性管为澄清,染色后仍为原来的橙色.因此,该方法操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高而成本低,在赤潮原因种检测监控方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Provenance and threat-sensitive predator avoidance patterns in wild-caught Trinidadian guppies

The antipredator behaviour of prey organisms is shaped by a series of threat-sensitive trade-offs between the benefits associated with successful predator avoidance and a suite of other fitness-related behaviours such as foraging, mating and territorial defence. Recent research has shown that the overall intensity of antipredator response and the pattern of threat-sensitive trade-offs are influenced by current conditions, including variability in predation risk over a period of days to weeks. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term predation pressure will likewise have shaped the nature of the threat-sensitive antipredator behaviour of wild-caught Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Female guppies were collected from two populations that have evolved under high- and low-predation pressure, respectively, in the Aripo River, Northern Mountain Range, Trinidad. Under laboratory conditions, we exposed shoals of three guppies to varying concentrations of conspecific damage-released chemical alarm cues. Lower Aripo (high-predation) guppies exhibited the strongest antipredator response when exposed to the highest alarm cue concentration and a graded decline in response intensity with decreasing concentrations of alarm cue. Upper Aripo (low-predation) guppies, however, exhibited a nongraded (hypersensitive) response pattern. Our results suggest that long-term predation pressure shapes not only the overall intensity of antipredator responses of Trinidadian guppies but also their threat-sensitive behavioural response patterns.     

2022年春季南京臭氧污染特征及成因分析

2022年春季,受新一轮新冠疫情影响,长三角各城市采取了一系列管控措施,使得大气污染物排放水平降低。对2022年春季(3—5月)南京及长三角地区的六项污染物尤其是臭氧(O₃)的变化特征进行了分析,从气象因素和O₃前体物方面,同时利用基于观测的模型(OBM)对南京O₃污染变化原因进行了研究,并分析了南京挥发性有机物(VOCs)的关键活性组分和来源。结果表明:2022年春季,南京PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和CO均值浓度均同比下降,但O₃日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度(O₃-8 h)同比上升19.8%,O₃-8 h超标时间同比增加9 d;长三角区域O₃-8 h同比上升17.9%,O₃-8 h超标天数为2021年同期的2.5倍。南京O₃浓度上升的原因:一方面是由于不利的气象条件,另一方面是由于南京O₃生成处于VOCs控制区,但氮氧化物(NO_x)降幅大于VOCs降幅,同时结合O₃前体物削减方案的分析结果发现,VOCs和NO_x不当的削减比例会导致O₃浓度不降反升。南京O₃生成的关键VOC活性物种依次为乙醛、丙烯、间/对二甲苯、丙烯醛和乙烯;正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)解析结果显示,机动车尾气是南京城区VOCs的主要来源,其次为液化石油气/天然气使用和石油化工。     

2种典型家用消毒剂对水生生物的急性毒性影响及生态效应阈值研究

家用消毒剂大量用于日常生活中,进入水体环境后对水生生物产生潜在危害效应,目前尚缺乏保护水生生物安全的生态效应阈值。本研究以2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,开展其对8种不同营养级淡水水生生物的急性毒性效应研究。结果表明,除底栖动物外,消毒剂B对藻类、溞类和鱼类的急性毒性均高于消毒剂A;我国本土种稀有鮈鲫对2种消毒剂的敏感性高于其他2种鱼类;2种消毒剂对藻类的毒性高低均为近头状伪蹄形藻斜生栅藻蛋白核小球藻;近头状伪蹄形藻对2种消毒剂最敏感。基于上述毒性数据构建了物种敏感分布(SSD)曲线,计算对保护95%的物种不受影响时所对应的污染物浓度(HC5),并结合评估因子法推导出2种消毒剂预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值作为急性生态效应阈值,消毒剂A和消毒剂B的PNEC值分别为13.16 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分对氯间二甲苯酚PNEC值为0.33 mg·L~(-1))和0.71 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分次氯酸钠PNEC值为0.01 mg·L~(-1)),消毒剂A对淡水生物的PNEC比消毒剂B大了一个数量级,表明相较于消毒剂B,消毒剂A对水生态环境更为友好。本研究结果可为制订典型家用消毒剂的水质基准提供科学依据。     

真菌对磺胺二甲氧嘧啶降解过程的转录组分析及差异表达基因的功能分析

采用黄孢原毛平革菌降解磺胺二甲氧嘧啶（SDM）,4 d后SDM的去除率达74%,降解速率达3.24 mg·L^-1·d^-1.采用Illumina高通量测序平台对降解SDM后的菌株与对照组菌株进行测序,通过GO和KEGG富集分析,得到的差异表达基因能显著富集到与降解相关的“氧化还原酶活性”途径,及与应激反应有关的“ABC转运体”路径.通过对高表达高上调的差异表达基因的筛选与分析,得到了耐受和降解SDM的功能基因.水通道蛋白、ABC转运蛋白及甲基转运酶基因等在黄孢原毛平革菌对环境的耐受中起到重要的作用.乙醇氧化酶、细胞色素P450和糖苷水解酶等在黄孢原毛平革菌对SDM的降解中起着关键的作用.本文从转录组水平分析了SDM的降解机制,为黄孢原毛平革菌在环境修复中的应用提供一定的参考.     

螺旋霉素废水处理过程中菌群结构、水质特征及抗性基因之间关系分析

抗生素制药废水常含有大量抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARG）,传播抗性污染的风险高于城市污水,但目前人们对抗生素制药废水处理过程中ARG转归影响机制研究尚有不足.本研究采用高通量测序考察某螺旋霉素制药废水厂A²O工艺过程中菌群结构变化,并通过多种统计学分析方法考察菌群结构、水质特征及ARG之间的相互关系.结果表明,生物处理单元中污泥的菌群结构受进水水质影响较小,其中厌氧和缺氧池中均以产甲烷菌与硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌,好氧池和二沉池中优势菌群的功能较为复杂;A²O系统对常规污染物去除效果较好,但不能稳定削减潜在致病菌丰度.水质特征、菌群结构和ARG之间存在显著相互影响关系,其中废水处理过程中生物量、NH₄⁺-N和化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）与ARG和可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGE）的分布密切相关.在水相和泥相中对ARG和MGE产生显著影响的菌属不同,而且泥相中有更多的潜在致病菌与ARG显著相关性,即污泥中微生物同时获得耐药性和致病性的可能性比水相中高.本研究可为今后抗生素制药废水处理过程的抗性污染控制提供科学参考.     

湖库富营养化敏感分级概念及指标体系研究

依据水体富营养化的危害程度与地理位置、流动条件等因素有关的概念,在一个较小的尺度上提出了水体富营养化敏感分级的概念,将富营养化的控制级别从河流-湖泊2级扩展到多级,并提出了分级采用的指标体系的一般概念.同时与美国环境保护局的大尺度分区(分级)方法进行了比较分析,发现美国14个生态分区河流与湖库的富营养化基准存在不协调之处,认为以该统计方法分别进行河流与湖库富营养化基准制定,可能产生河流基准的控制指标严于湖泊基准的不合理情况.      

改进USLE模型及其在于桥水库非点源污染敏感区划分中的应用

根据于桥水库周边流域非点源污染的特点,在充分考虑污染源与水库的距离以及库体自净作用因子的基础上,对饮用水源地非点源敏感区划分的通用土壤流失方程（USLE）方法进行了改进。结合2009年库区周边的ETM遥感影像、数字高程模型（DEM）和土地利用类型等数据,应用改进的USLE模型对库区周边非点源污染敏感区划分进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,库区西部的敏感性明显高于东部,库周的别山镇、五百户镇、渔阳镇、穿芳峪乡和马伸桥镇的水库沿岸是非点源污染敏感度较高的区域,是非点源污染的优先控制区。     

梭鱼和青鳉鱼ERα介导的雌激素活性比较研究

为从物种雌激素受体(ERα)敏感性差异的角度探索辽东湾野生梭鱼雌雄同体高发生率的一个可能原因,从梭鱼肝脏cDNA中扩增出长1113 bp的梭鱼ERα(sERα) DEF区片段,并以此构建pGBT9-sERα DEF 质粒,将其和pGAD424-TIF2质粒依次转入Y190酵母细胞中,建立了sERα物种特异性的酵母双杂交筛选系统.在此系统中测试了4种环境中主要的雌激素雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)及17α-炔雌醇(EE2)对梭鱼ERα的诱导活性,半数雌激素活性浓度(EC50)为3.7、2.4、1698.7、1.2nmol/L,分别是青鳉鱼ERα活性的4.6、2.3、3.4、3.3倍,说明梭鱼ERα对E1、E2、E3、EE2具有较高的敏感性,这为解释辽东湾梭鱼雌雄同体的高发生现象提供了重要线索.     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.