Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

草原生态系统植物群落地下特征表达的新方法

本研究首次采用拍摄、标记根密度的方法来研究内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟典型草原区草原生态系统不同恢复阶段植物群落根系的垂直分布特征,并对群落地下生物量及根密度进行了比较研究。结果表明,地下生物量表现出由表层至深层急剧下降的倒金字塔形,而根密度表现出下降→上升→下降状态,并且群落不同恢复阶段上升的深度不同,表现出与地下生物量不同的地下生态过程。通过本研究发现,标记根密度方法可以作为更深入的了解植物地下部分、研究根系的一个新方法。     

土壤容重改变对锌/镉超累积植物遏兰菜根系特征及吸镉的影响

为了探讨土壤容重的变化对锌/镉超累积植物遏兰菜(Thlaspi caerulescens)根系形态特征及吸收土壤中镉、锌的影响,采用土壤盆栽方法,研究了土壤结构改良剂(EB.a)对镉污染土壤(2.12 mg.kg-1)的容重和遏兰菜提取镉/锌效率的影响.EB.a用量分别为0、0.1%和2%,植物种植100 d后收获.结果表明,EB.a可有效地降低土壤容重,2%EB.a处理土壤容重从1.27g.cm-3降至1.09 g.cm-3;土壤容重的降低,促进了遏兰菜根系和地上部的生长;植物的总根长、根毛长、根冠比均显著提高(p0.05).随着植物根长的增加,遏兰菜地上部提取镉/锌总量均显著提高(p0.05).与对照相比,2%EB.a处理致使遏兰菜总根长增加了2.6倍,植物地上部镉浓度和提取总量分别提高了20%和30%,镉提取效率由15%提高至19%;但遏兰菜的地上部锌浓度和提取总量并没有显著变化.研究结果证实了改善土壤结构可以促进遏兰菜根系的生长从而提高植物对镉的提取效率.     

反距离加权法天气衍生品空间基差风险对冲效果

天气衍生品作为一项金融创新产品,为天气风险的管理和转移提供了新的途径.与传统衍生品不同的是,天气衍生品合约标的物是常见的天气变量,本身不具有资产价格,因此面临的并不是传统意义上的基差风险.天气衍生品的基差风险包括产品基差风险和空间基差风险,这些基差风险严重影响着天气衍生品的风险对冲效果,阻碍了市场发展,也是研究的重点与难点.相比产品基差风险因特定部门而异,空间基差风险具有不可避免的特点.依据反距离加权法,增加空间多样性构建天气衍生品组合,可用于对冲空间基差风险,但需要经验数据验证.研究表明,天气衍生品收益与假设收益的均方根误差(RMSE)能够很好的量化天气敏感企业遇到的天气风险,天气风险对冲效果可以通过RMSE的变化值进行度量;构建中国华东地区降雨量看跌期权交易,相较单一地区收益偏差,期权买方采用空间组合策略取得了更好的空间基差风险对冲效果.此外,研究结果发现,在构建天气衍生品空间组合时,组合中气象观测点的数目并不是越多越好,即较少的观测点个数即能显著降低天气风险对冲效果,这也为实践操作提供了便利.     

OMEGA算法在导弹振动工程中的应用

目的研究位移、速度和加速度谱之间的转换关系,给出三者功率谱密度之间的转换公式,进而用于导弹运输振动环境的设计。同时,研究加速度信号转换为振动位移的方法,并应用于导弹舱内单机设备安全间隙的设计。方法利用OMEGA算法,首先将加速度传感器测得的加速度时域信号转换成加速度频域信号,随后将加速度谱转换成位移谱,并计算位移谱中每个谱线对应的幅值、相位和圆频率,最后将各位移分量简单叠加得到振动位移的时间历程。结果采用该方法计算了高速公路上导弹的运输振动位移功率谱,并得到垂向、横向和纵向的峰-峰位移分别为3.32,0.46,2.14 mm。同时,计算了飞行环境下导弹舱内单机设备的振动位移,与所测得位移在幅值上相当,时域曲线形态一致。结论该方法能够很好地应用于导弹振动工程设计。     

Quantifying the adsorption and uptake of CuO nanoparticles by wheat root based on chemical extractions

This study screened out eluants for efficiently desorbing metal nanoparticles from plant root surface, and distinguished the proportions of CuO-nanoparticles uptake and adsorption.     

负载铁生物炭对土壤-水稻系统As溶出特性与生物有效性的影响与机理解析

负载铁生物炭(FeBC)已证实对溶液体系和雄黄矿高砷(As)尾渣中的无机As具有极为显著的吸附钝化效能,但其对土壤-水稻系统中As的溶出特性和生物有效性的影响尚为空白.为此,本研究系统探析了FeBC处理对水稻根际As溶出特性、根表铁膜As持留-释放模式转化和As向水稻体内各器官转运积累的影响与发生机制.结果表明,FeBC处理条件下的水稻根际pH普遍高于对照(CK),而氧化还原电位(Eh)则低于CK;FeBC处理所导致的根际Eh下降几乎同步使根际孔隙水As、Fe浓度自分蘖期后均随FeBC比例的增加而升高,且孔隙水As、Fe浓度具有显著正相关性(p0.01).成熟期内根表铁膜Fe、As含量均随FeBC比例的增加而升高,这一点可由微区X射线荧光(μ-XRF)所显示的2%FeBC处理中水稻根系表面Fe、As浓度均显著高于CK得到印证,而这一特点导致FeBC处理下的白根和糙米As含量显著升高(p0.05).以上结果表明,FeBC能有效提高水稻根表铁膜形成量及其对As的持留,但超过特定阈值的铁膜浓度(20~25 mg·g~(-1))对As的大量富集却可成为根系对As的吸收源,促进As向根系内的转运,并导致稻米As积累量升高.由此可见,含Fe钝化剂对水稻根际As生物有效性的影响具有可变性,其应用风险和产生机制值得引起高度关注.     

Prediction of Annual Streambank Erosion for Sequoia National Forest,California

Many bank erosion models have limitations that restrict their use in wildland settings. Scientists and land managers at the Sequoia National Forest would like to understand the mechanisms and rates of streambank erosion to evaluate management issues and post‐wildfire effects. This study uses bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) and near‐bank stress (NBS) methods developed in Rosgen (2006 Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply [WARSSS]) for predicting streambank erosion in a geographic area that is dominated by colluvium and in which streambank erosion modeling has not been previously evaluated. BEHI evaluates bank susceptibility to erosion based on bank angle, bank and bankfull height, rooting depth and density, surface protection, and stratification of material within the banks. NBS assesses energy distribution against the bank measured as a ratio of bankfull near‐bank maximum depth to mean bankfull depth. We compared BEHI classes and NBS to actual bank erosion measured from 2008 to 2012. This index predicted streambank erosion with clear separation among BEHI ratings with R² values of 0.76 for extreme, 0.37 for high/very high, 0.49 for moderate, and 0.70 for low BEHI. The relationships between measured erosion and BEHI extend the application of BEHI/NBS to a new region where they can inform management priorities, afforestation, stream/riparian restoration projects, and potentially burned area rehabilitation.     

环境因素对菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响

通过改变溶液温度、pH值、ATP浓度、钙浓度和培养液的钙浓度等条件,研究了菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性的变化.结果表明,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性在pH 6.0时最高,其最适反应温度为40℃;叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase在一个较宽的pH范围内具有高活性,最适反应温度为45℃;溶液中ATP浓度分别为3mmol/L和4mmol/L时菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性最大;无论是菹草根还是叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性,在溶液钙浓度为10-4mol/L时都最高.在营养液中添加不同CaCl2浓度培养菹草,其根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性表现出差异,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性比叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性高,且随营养液中钙浓度的增加,这种差异加大;当营养液中钙浓度在10mg/L(2.5×10-4 mol/L)以下时,Ca2+-ATPase活性逐渐上升,营养液中钙浓度由10mg/L增加到15mg/L,Ca2+-ATPase活性陡然下降,这与溶液钙浓度对Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响相呼应.     

根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素Ce的影响

采用溶液培养的方法探讨根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收积累和转运稀土元素Ce的影响。结果表明,Ce污染胁迫可抑制水稻根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜吸附的Ce量随着溶液中Ce浓度的提高而增加。根表铁膜形成可降低水稻根系但提高水稻茎叶对Ce的吸收积累。当溶液中Ce浓度为0.1、0.5和1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,铁膜诱导组水稻根系Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻根系Ce含量降低38.60%、45.94%和32.75%,诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量分别比非诱导组水稻茎叶Ce含量提高42.37%、28.87%和22.62%。根表铁膜形成可影响Ce在水稻植株中的富集和转运能力。非诱导组水稻根系富集Ce的能力远大于茎叶。诱导组水稻根系对Ce的富集能力最强,其次是根表铁膜,最后是水稻茎叶。诱导组水稻根系Ce转运系数显著大于非诱导组的根系,说明根表铁膜形成可促进水稻根部Ce向茎叶中转运。可见,根表铁膜对水稻吸收转运稀土元素的影响机理比较复杂。