POTENTIAL,ACTUAL, AND EQUILIBRIUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN A WHEAT FIELD 1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between both potential (E*) and nonpotential evapotranspiration and equilibrium evapotranspiration (EQ) in an irrigated wheat field in southcentral Alberta, Canada. The control exercised by surface wetness and root reservoir moisture content in determining the value of the Priestley-Taylor constant a is explored. Also investigated is the relationship between a and the vapor flux fraction ET/(R-G) where ET is the actual evapotranspiration, R the net radiation, and G the soil heat flux. It is shown that evapotranspiration occurred at the potential rate (E*) when the available soil moisture (ASM) within the root zone was ≥3 percent. a varied from 0.84 for a dry soil to 1.49 for a saturated soil. The mean a for E* was 1.24. Surface wetness sustained evapotranspiration at the potential rate when such wetting exceeded 2mm d^?1 following a period of prolonged drawdown of soil moisture, α and ET/(R-G) were positively correlated and this correlation strengthened with increasing soil moisture for constant values of the energy partitioning factor s+γ/s where s is the slope of the saturation humidity-temperature curve and γ is the psychrometric constant. ET=EQ when ETI(R-G) lay within the range of 0.59 to 0.82 corresponding to Bowen ratio (β) values of 0.22 and 0.69, respectively.     

Estimating Root Zone Soil Moisture at Continental Scale Using Neural Networks

This study investigates the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to retrieve root zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the depths of 20 cm (SM20) and 50 cm (SM50) at a continental scale, using surface information. To train the ANNs to capture interactions between land surface and various climatic patterns, data of 557 stations over the continental United States were collected. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the ANNs were able to identify input variables that directly affect the water and energy balance in root zone. The data important for RZSM retrieval in a large area included soil texture, surface soil moisture, and the cumulative values of air temperature, surface soil temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. The results showed that the ANNs had high skill in retrieving SM20 with a correlation coefficient above 0.7 in most cases, but were less effective at estimating SM50. The comparison of the ANNs showed that using soil texture data improved the model performance, especially for the estimation of SM50. It was demonstrated that the ANNs had high flexibility for applications in different climatic regions. The method was used to generate RZSM in North America using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data, and achieved a spatial soil moisture pattern comparable to that of Global Land Data Assimilation System Noah model with comparable performance to the SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals. The models can be efficient alternatives to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture data for shallow RZSM retrieval.     

Ecological wetland paradigm drives water source improvement in the stream network of Yangtze River Delta

Jiaxing created a precedent using bypass riparian marshes to purify micro-polluted water sources in China. Pond-wetland complex with constructed root channel technology becomes a paradigm which can be analogized as “human-body wetland model” based on bionics or biomimetics. Heterogeneous plant-bed/ditch system with highly active land/water ecotone interfaces, especially meandering boundaries, breeds many biochemical reactions “living areas”. Optimization of hydraulic regulation promotes redox environment alternations and wetland treatment efficiency. Here we reported a series of upgrades and performances in Guanjinggang wetland after the Shijiuyang prototype. Morphological reform of plant-bed/ditch system played a vital role. Spatially root channel zone was main force of wetland purification, and temporally the treatment effect was higher in low-temperature seasons indicating non-temperature dependent mechanisms worked. Water pollution comprehensive index improved steadily from IV to III, and comprehensive pollution load was reduced by ca. 40%–60%. Comprehensive evaluation function value further showed the gradients purification effect of the upgraded wetland. Ecological wetlands ameliorated source water quality, and reduced drinking water treatment reagents, thereby bringing about economic benefits. Through wetlands operation, people can see how the micro-polluted surface water becomes clear and clean, so promoting a significant social benefit. As a viable component of urban green space, wetlands could beautify regional eco-environment, freshen the air, increase urban ecological taste, and enhance the eco-environmental protection publicity. Thus, the multifunctional service values and indirect benefits are substantial. Jiaxing ecological wetlands provide a typical paradigm for water pollution remediation in developing countries and plays a leading role in technology engineering radiation effect.     

紫云英还田配施石灰对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了紫云英(CMV)与石灰(L)单施及两者配施(CMVL)对土壤Cd有效性、水稻根表胶膜及Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明:L与CMVL处理土壤pH值分别显著提高2.11～2.43和1.68～2.48个单位、二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取态(DTPA-Cd)含量分别显著降低18.88％～40.53％和20.74％...     

根际环境的调节与重金属污染土壤的修复

根际环境的pH和Eh会产生影响土壤中重金属的化学过程。pH的变化影响到重金属的固定和活化，根际的酸化能够活化大多数重金属，使其毒性增强；反之，则固定大多数重金属，减轻其毒性。Eh的变化可改变重金属的价态和存在形态，使其毒性减弱或增强。根分泌物可从多方面影响金属的毒性和有效性，如改变根际环境的pH值和Eh来改变金属的存在形态和活度；与金属络合或者吸附、包埋金属污染物；通过影响根际微生物特征来改变金属的毒性。根际环境中微生物能改变金属离子存在形态，其代谢产物能对金属离子产生沉淀、螯合等作用。土壤脲酶对重金属污染最敏感，可以用于监测土壤重金属污染。调控根际环境，可以有效地调节土壤中重金属污染物的活度、毒性及其转移，对重金属污染土壤起到修复作用。     

镉与除草剂草甘磷的交互作用对小麦的毒性

种子发芽试验、根伸长抑制试验及植物早期生长试验是目前所建立的3种高等植物毒性试验，这些试验通过研究植物在污染条件下根系发育状况、生物量减少程度或植物耐污特性等方面而对污染物的环境效应进行诊断。文章研究了镉与草甘磷交互作用对小麦发芽率以及发芽后小麦的根长和芽长的影响。结果发现，镉对小麦发芽率没有明显影响，而草甘磷对小麦发芽率、根长和芽长有明显抑制效应。镉在一定程度上降低了草甘磷对小麦发芽的毒性，但对小麦生长仍有明显毒害。当镉与草甘磷共同作用于小麦时，镉的存在增加了低浓度草甘磷的生物毒性，而降低了高浓度草甘磷的生物毒性或没有影响。但是，随着镉浓度增加它们的联合毒件又逐渐增加。     

高寒沙区两种典型固沙植物改良土壤的策略

植被恢复与重建是退化土地生态修复的重要途径,植物与土壤环境的关系一直是热点科学问题,但对高寒沙区尚缺乏系统性的研究。为探明不同沙生植物对高寒沙地土壤的改良策略,以青海共和盆地中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)和乌柳(Salix cheilophila)两种典型固沙植物为研究对象,通过对比细根分布规律分析其环境适应性,结合林地土壤物理性质、有机碳含量和土壤含水量等要素,分析两种植物对土壤的改良作用。结果表明,(1)两种植物的细根主要集中在0-60 cm土层,中间锦鸡儿水平方向分布更多,且细根平均生物量密度和有机碳含量都高于乌柳。(2)乌柳人工林各深度土壤有机碳密度均高于中间锦鸡儿,其累计百分比在0-40 cm土层较高,中间锦鸡儿在40-120 cm较高。(3)两种人工林的土壤容重、最大持水量和毛管持水量均值差异不显著。中间锦鸡儿林地土壤容重在0-40 cm土层大于乌柳,在40-120 cm小于乌柳;其最大持水量和毛管持水量在0-60 cm小于乌柳,在60-120 cm大于乌柳。(4)两种人工林土壤含水量和土壤温度都呈表层高,随土壤深度递减趋势。乌柳林地各深度土壤含水量均高于中间锦鸡儿,土壤温度均低于中间锦鸡儿。研究表明,中间锦鸡儿的环境适应性和固沙能力较强,倾向于深层土壤改良和固碳策略;乌柳人工林的固碳作用和涵养水源能力较强,倾向于表层土壤改良和固碳策略;同时,两种人工林都倾向于表层保水的策略。该文通过对比分析不同沙生植物改良土壤的策略,为长期研究高寒沙区生态修复与优良固沙植物筛选等工作提供理论依据。     

不同强度的声波对猕猴桃试管苗根系发育的影响

通过用不同强度的声波刺激中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)的组培试管苗，研究模拟声场的力学刺激对木本植物根系发育的生物学效应．结果表明：适度强度的声波刺激(100dB左右)可促进猕猴桃试管苗根系的生长发育，而根系质膜的通透性也相应降低以阻挡外界有害物质的侵入，使根系活力以及与之相关的根系总长、分根数等指标明显增强；但当声波强度超过一定范围后，对根系发育的促进效应就受到明显的抑制，当110dB时甚至开始抑制试管苗的根系发育．从细胞和分子生物学水平对环境应力影响根系发育的可能机理进行了讨论．图2表1参13     

Specific Features of Root System Structure in Pinus sylvestrisL. and Larix sukaczewiiDyl. under Conditions of the Ufa Industrial Center

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

乙酰甲胺磷和汞单一及复合污染对黄瓜发芽及幼苗生长的影响

有机磷农药和重金属是目前我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本文以黄瓜种子为供试作物,研究了重金属汞与农药乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对其发芽率以及幼苗生长的毒害效应。结果表明,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜种子的发芽率、芽长和根伸长的生态毒性敏感程度依次为:根伸长>芽长>发芽率,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜幼苗的毒害效应均较明显。复合污染对黄瓜种子发芽指标和幼苗生长的抑制效应表现为协同作用,其结果是复合污染的整体生态毒性效应增强。研究结果为进一步研究农药和重金属复合污染的生态毒性提供基础资料。