不同种植年限菠萝园土壤肥力衰退的研究

以海南菠萝园为研究对象,通过调查取样分析表明,(1)随种植年限的延长及坡度的提高,土壤侵蚀量增加,菠萝园表层土壤石砾含量增加。(2)同一坡度,菠萝园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量也随种植年限的延长及坡度的提高,侵蚀量增加而下降,尤其是有机质和全氮含量。(3)菠萝园土壤磷素及全钾含量,同一坡度不同年限间没有表现出衰退的趋势。     

Variation in composition of predator-attracting allelochemicals emitted by herbivore-infested plants: Relative influence of plant and herbivore

Summary During foraging, natural enemies of herbivores may employ volatile allelochemicals that originate from an interaction of the herbivore and its host plant. The composition of allelochemical blends emitted by herbivore-infested plants is known to be affected by both the herbivore and the plant. Our chemical data add new evidence to the recent notion that the plants are more important than the herbivore in affecting the composition of the volatile blends. Blends emitted by apple leaves infested with spider mites of 2 different species,T. urticae andP. ulmi, differed less in composition (principally quantitative differences for some compounds) than blends emitted by leaves of two apple cultivars infested by the same spider-mite species,T. urticae (many quantitative and a few qualitative differences). Comparison between three plant species — apple, cucumber and Lima bean — reveals even larger differences between volatile blends emitted upon spider-mite damage (many quantitative differences and several qualitative differences).     

苹果园土壤呼吸的变化及生物和非生物因素的影响

了解果园土壤呼吸变化及其影响因素,有利于深入理解退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能.在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园(2000年建成)为对象,利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)于2011、2012年监测了果树冠幅下距树干不同距离处土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的时空变化及其影响因素.结果表明:①土壤呼吸速率随着距树干距离延长而降低.与2 m处相比,0.5 m处土壤累积呼吸量2011年提高20%,2012年提高31%;0.5 m和2 m处土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)2011年相应依次为1.79和1.56,2012年依次为1.79和1.38.②距树干2 m处温度和水分稍高于0.5 m处,但差异不显著(P>0.05).土壤呼吸与土壤温度均呈显著的指数关系,而与土壤水分的相关性不显著.温度变化可解释土壤呼吸的季节性变化,但并不能解释距离树干不同处的差异.③距离树干不同位置处的根系密度差异是影响果园土壤呼吸空间变化及其温度敏感性的重要生物因素;④冠幅下土壤呼吸的变异系数为23%~31%.估算果园土壤呼吸需考虑其距离树干的空间差异性.     

Effects of five insecticides used in apple orchards on Hyaliodes vitripennis (say) (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Abstract

Azinphos‐methyl, carbaryl, dimethoate, phosmet and phosalone were used in apple orchards to manage apple aphid, apple maggot, woolly apple aphid and leaf eating caterpillars. Among the five insecticides evaluated, dimethoate, carbaryl and azinphosmethyl were the most toxic to the nymphs and adults of Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) from two regions. Phosalone was the least toxic. Nymphs were more resistant than the adults. While the LC₅₀ for dimethoate was 130 ppm for nymphs, it was 3 ppm for adults from St. Jean‐Baptiste‐de‐Rouville. There were also significant differences in the level of resistance between the two regions where the H. vitripennis were collected. At St. Alexandre the LC₅₀ for phosalone on nymphs was 19, 250 ppm whereas, at St. Jean‐Baptiste‐de‐Rouville it was 160, 000 ppm.     

Copper desorption in flooded agricultural soils and toxicity to the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa): implications in Everglades restoration

Copper (Cu) desorption and toxicity to the Florida apple snail were investigated from soils obtained from agricultural sites acquired under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. Copper concentrations in 11 flooded soils ranged from 5 to 234 mg/kg on day 0 and from 6.2 to 204 mg/kg on day 28 (steady-state). The steady-state Cu concentration in overlying water ranged from 9.1 to 308.2 microg/L. In a 28-d growth study, high mortality in snails occurred within 9 to 16 d in two of three soil treatments tested. Growth of apple snails over 28 d was affected by Cu in these two treatments. Tissue Cu concentrations by day 14 were 12-23-fold higher in snails exposed to the three soil treatments compared to controls. The endangered Florida snail kite and its main food source, the Florida apple snail, may be at risk from Cu exposure in these managed agricultural soil-water ecosystems.     

有机肥部分替代化肥对桃园N2O和NO排放的影响

有机肥替代作为一种减肥增效和多元化肥替代技术在农业生产中被大力推广.然而,目前尚缺乏对于有机肥在果园N₂ O和NO排放方面的影响综合评估.采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,周年观测桃园种植过程中N₂ O和NO的排放,比较了单施化肥和有机肥部分替代化肥处理对桃园氮氧化物排放的影响.结果表明,有机肥部分替代化肥分别降低桃园N₂ O和NO排放总量15.0 %和9.4 %,同时 N₂ O和NO排放系数降低21.3 %和21.1 %.有机肥处理土壤的矿质氮含量低于单施化肥处理.有机肥处理提高了硝化作用中AOA的贡献,降低AOB的贡献,从而减少了硝化作用产生的N₂ O.此外,双同位素混合模型[δ¹⁸O（N₂ O/H₂ O）vs.δ¹⁵N^SP]结果表明,硝化细菌反硝化/细菌反硝化（bD/nD）是桃园土壤N₂ O排放的主要途径.施用有机肥增强了土壤反硝化作用,导致更多的N₂ O和NO被还原.因此,有机肥部分替代可以缓解果园氮氧化物排放,是实现农业绿色低碳的可行措施.     

苹果茎沟病毒对梨树幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响

Based on growth level and peroxidase activity, a comparative study and paried-samples t test were made between vires-free Zaosu pear seedlings and the seedlings inoculated with apple stem grooving virus(ASGV). The results showed : ( 1 )virus-free Zaosu pear seedlings grew better than inoculated ones. Of the seedlings the height, diameter, branches and autumn braches differed statistically significantly; (2)the peroxidase activity of inoculated seedlings was higher than that of virus-free ones, and the peak of peroxidase activity occurred on about d 7 and d 24 after inoculation. Fig 1, Tab 1, Ref 9     

三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应

坡地果园水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以皇竹草篱为纽带间植于坡地果园营建复合生态模式,对草篱拦蓄泥沙、径流的效应进行了长期观测。结果表明：草篱间植的应用能有效减少坡地果园的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量减少更为显著,与传统果园经营模式相比,径流量减少了5871%~6574%,侵蚀量减少了7070%~7792%。同时,草篱间植的应用对减少养分的流失总量效果也相当显著,对减少库区面源污染,保持和提高坡地果园的土地生产力具有重要作用,为三峡库区坡地果园的利用与保护提供了技术与模式支撑。     

气象灾害对天水苹果生产影响的评估技术研究

分析得出影响天水苹果正常生长的主要农业气象灾害是前秋9月大气干旱、冬季12-2月暖冬高温、苹果花期4月下旬高温干旱和春季4月下旬低温危害。各灾害发生频率在53﹪～70﹪之间,以前秋9月干旱最多,春季4月下旬低温危害最少;前秋9月大气干旱以中-大灾为主;其他灾害均以轻、中灾最多,大灾居次;各种灾害因子重灾年份最少,仅在6﹪～15﹪之间。农业气象灾害综合评估除轻灾评估准确率略低为89﹪外,中-重灾评估准确率均达100﹪,灾害评估效果比较理想,对农业防灾减灾有一定的指导意义     

土壤及果树中HCH和DDT残留及分布规律研究

采用索氏提取、弗罗里土固相微萃取小柱净化结合GC-ECD测定了苹果园土壤和果树样品中4种六六六(HCH)和4种滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量,并对果树的根、枝、叶中HCH和DDT的分布规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,土壤和果树样品中均有HCH和DDT检出。土壤样品中两类农药的含量分别在0.51～3.97ng/g和1.46～15.55ng/g之间,其中β-HCH是六六六残留的主体,滴滴涕类的含量以p,p'-DDT为最高,并且(DDE+DDD)/DDT<1表明近期果园中有新的DDT输入。果树样品中,HCH和DDT的残留量分别在0.22～2.01ng/g和0.38～6.08ng/g之间,都要低于相应土壤中有机氯农药的浓度。果树中总OCPs的含量在4.88～17.94ng/g之间,是土壤和大气中OCPs污染共同作用的结果。根部的OCPs的含量明显高于枝和叶,其分布规律为根>叶>枝,这主要取决于根、枝、叶各组织的结构以及农药的理化性质。