固定化微生物对养殖水体中NH_4~ -N和NO_2~--N的转化作用

采用聚乙烯醇 (PVA) (ρ=gL-1)的方法对沼泽红假单胞菌、诺卡氏菌和假丝酵母 3种菌株进行固定化 ,所得的凝胶颗粒机械强度好 ,经久耐用 .运用这 3种菌株的固定化细胞对养殖水体中NH 4 N和NO-2 N进行转化 ,其最适作用温度范围为 2 5～ 30℃ ,最适pH范围分别为 :6 .5～ 8.5 ,7.0～ 7.5及 5 .5～ 7.0 ,且对水质初始氮浓度有很强的适应性 .3菌株经固定化后 ,其对养殖水体中NH 4 N和NO-2 N的转化效率明显优于其游离细胞 .若将 3菌株按 2 :1:2组合成复合菌株并固定化 ,其对养殖水体中的NH 4 N和NO-2 N转化效果将更佳 .图 3表 3参 9     

农业小流域源头区池塘底泥磷形态和吸附特征

选择开慧河小流域源头区为研究对象,分析3类池塘(近年来由农田改建的人工塘为第Ⅰ类,受人为影响大的山边塘为第Ⅱ类,受人为影响小的山边塘为第Ⅲ类)的水质、底泥理化性质和底泥磷吸附特性。结果表明,3类池塘底泥的全磷、草酸提取态磷、不同形态无机磷(NH4Cl-P除外)以及生物可利用性磷(BAP)含量从大到小依次均为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类,与3类池塘水质状况相一致。无机态磷中不同形态磷含量从大到小依次为金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)和弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P),其中,NaOH-P是主要赋存形式(占68.51%)。BD-P含量和HCl-P含量分别与活性铁(Feox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),NH4Cl-P含量和NaOH-P含量分别与活性铝(Alox)含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。采用Langmuir方程拟合吸附数据得出:Ⅰ类(塘1、6和12)、Ⅱ类(塘10和11)和Ⅲ类(塘3)池塘底泥吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(C0EP)、磷最大吸附量(Smax)和磷吸附键能参数(Kc)分别为0.02~0.12 mg·L-1、526.32~826.45 mg·kg-1和0.31~1.11 L·mg-1。其中,塘6底泥Smax和Kc最小,C0EP最大,潜在磷释放风险大;塘10和11具有较高的Smax、Kc及较低的C0EP值;塘3底泥对磷的吸附能力介于Ⅰ和Ⅱ类塘之间。可见,研究区人类活动输入外源污染物在一定程度上影响了池塘底泥磷含量和吸附特性,在控制农业小流域源头磷污染的同时应考虑磷的流入负荷及水体底泥的磷吸附能力。     

网围养殖对涡湖底栖动物群落组成及物种多样性的影响

2002年4月、7月、11月和2003年1月对滆湖底栖动物群落组成、分布及多样性现状进行了研究．结果表明，滆湖现有底栖动物31种，其中软体动物14种，淡水寡毛类6种，水生昆虫7种和水蛭4种．主要优势种为梨形环棱螺和羽摇蚊．相似性分析表明，滆湖网围养鱼区和网围养蟹区底栖动物群落组成相似程度较高，而都与非养殖区差异较大，说明网围养殖对底栖动物组成存在影响；而且网围养鱼对底栖动物的影响更甚于网围养蟹的影响．多样性分析表明，滆湖底栖动物多样性呈现自北向南递增以及夏秋低、冬春高的时空变化格局．图3表2参17     

Use of GIS in siting stabilization pond facilities for domestic wastewater treatment

Geographic information systems (GIS) use is presented in the problem of sitting areas for construction of natural systems such as stabilization ponds (SPs) for domestic wastewater treatment. For this purpose, several variables, such as topography, land use, type of geological formation, distance to major rivers or lakes, distance to existing cities and villages, existence of environmentally protected areas, mean minimum monthly temperatures and required wastewater effluent characteristics were analyzed with the GIS, in order to accept or reject a particular area within a region. The method is applied in the region of Thrace (Northeast Greece) at the municipal level. The required area for SP systems was calculated in each of the 36 municipalities of Thrace (including two islands, Thassos and Samothraki) as a function of the population of each municipality, temperature and local wastewater effluent discharge criteria. Based on the GIS analysis, suitable locations were identified in each municipality first, and then the total required surface area of these systems was compared to the available surface area of each municipality, in order to decide whether SP systems could be a viable solution to the wastewater management problem in the particular region. In that way the present methodology offers a fast and simple method to check the suitability of new areas for construction of such systems.     

Anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass after ultrasound pretreatment

High rate algal ponds are an economic and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment, where microalgae and bacteria grow in symbiosis removing organic matter and nutrients. Microalgal biomass produced in these systems can be valorised through anaerobic digestion. However, microalgae anaerobic biodegradability is limited by the complex cell wall structure and therefore a pretreatment step may be required to improve the methane yield. In this study, ultrasound pretreatment at a range of applied specific energy (16–67 MJ/kg TS) was investigated prior to microalgae anaerobic digestion. Experiments showed how organic matter solubilisation (16–100%), hydrolysis rate (25–56%) and methane yield (6–33%) were improved as the pretreatment intensity increased. Mathematical modelling revealed that ultrasonication had a higher effect on the methane yield than on the hydrolysis rate. A preliminary energy assessment indicated that the methane yield increase was not high enough as to compensate the electricity requirement of ultrasonication without biomass dewatering (8% VS).     

Policy challenges and approaches for the conservation of mangrove forests in Southeast Asia

Many drivers of mangrove forest loss operate over large scales and are most effectively addressed by policy interventions. However, conflicting or unclear policy objectives exist at multiple tiers of government, resulting in contradictory management decisions. To address this, we considered four approaches that are being used increasingly or could be deployed in Southeast Asia to ensure sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. First, a stronger incorporation of mangroves into marine protected areas (that currently focus largely on reefs and fisheries) could resolve some policy conflicts and ensure that mangroves do not fall through a policy gap. Second, examples of community and government comanagement exist, but achieving comanagement at scale will be important in reconciling stakeholders and addressing conflicting policy objectives. Third, private‐sector initiatives could protect mangroves through existing and novel mechanisms in degraded areas and areas under future threat. Finally, payments for ecosystem services (PES) hold great promise for mangrove conservation, with carbon PES schemes (known as blue carbon) attracting attention. Although barriers remain to the implementation of PES, the potential to implement them at multiple scales exists. Closing the gap between mangrove conservation policies and action is crucial to the improved protection and management of this imperiled coastal ecosystem and to the livelihoods that depend on them.     

复合人工湿地处理稠油废水研究

针对新疆油田稠油废水的水质特点,结合克拉玛依地区戈壁、荒漠地自然环境特征,研究建立油田废水人工湿地处理技术模式,设计"复合流人工湿地—兼(好)氧组合生物塘—生态滤池"(WPF)复合人工湿地系统,介绍WPF系统的工艺流程、结构设计,并进行了经济评估。     

尾矿库调洪演算的时变分析模型及应用

为有效指导尾矿库汛期防洪安全工作,基于时变分析理论,结合尾矿库调洪演算的基本原理,建立尾矿库调洪演算的时变分析模型,研究某尾矿库在200年一遇洪水的防洪标准下的调洪演算。结果表明:该尾矿库的最小安全超高和最小干滩长度小于规范值;洪水过程线、库水位时变曲线和泄流量时变曲线具有相似的特征,均表现出显著的时变规律特征;最高洪水位与最大泄流量滞后于最大洪峰流量0.5 h,库水位在洪水结束后12.8 h恢复到正常水位。该尾矿库的防洪能力满足规范要求,库水位时变曲线和泄流量时变曲线相对于洪水过程线表现出一定的滞后效应。     

石化企业突发水环境事故防控体系建设探讨

石化行业为环境和安全高风险行业,突发事故往往造成重大经济和环境损失。目前我国石化企业的突发水环境风险防范体系仍很薄弱,应急能力亟待提高。本文阐述了目前我国石化行业水环境风险防控设施存在的问题,并对水环境风险三级防控体系的构建进行了探讨,重点论述了事故应急池建设的必要性、合理性及其属性要求,以期能够有助于石化行业水环境风险防控体系的构建。     

移动床生物膜反应器净化模拟水产养殖废水的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）净化模拟水产养殖废水.结果表明,MBBR净化模拟水产养殖废水效果良好.在水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h,DO为2.0~3.0 mg·L^-1的条件下,反应器启动迅速、运行稳定,能使COD和氨氮去除率均达到80%以上,TP去除率达到50%左右;有机负荷为（0.76±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1时,TN及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别达到71.73%及98.42%.为达到良好的TN去除效果,有机负荷不宜低于0.5 kg·m^-3·d^-1;DO为（3.00±0.25）mg·L^-1时,TN去除效果最好,最有利于同步硝化反硝化;为保持较高的氨氮去除效率,并减少亚硝态氮积累,DO浓度不应低于2.0 mg·L^-1;HRT过短会使氨氮去除效率降低,且可能出现亚硝态氮积累;采用序批式进水运行方式,对TP的去除效果优于连续进水方式,但运行周期后半段会出现亚硝态氮积累,对鱼类产生危害.