太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖向太湖排放氮磷的研究

据2001年调查,太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖面积为11377.86hm2,河蟹产量为6681.18t。按物料平衡计算,1hm2养蟹池塘向环境排放的TN为27.08kg,TP为7.85kg,太湖流域池塘养蟹向环境中年排放TN为308.12t,TP为89.32t。按池塘进排水实测值计算,太湖流域按池塘养蟹外排水中TN、TP浓度增量分别为0.34、0.05mg·L-1,太湖流域池塘养蟹年外排TN和TP的增量分别为154.74t和22.75t。排放的TN、TP通过太湖水网流入太湖。     

微生物制剂对虾池养殖水质理化因子的调控效应

利用微生物技术对养殖虾池的生态环境进行了为期三个月的调控实验,结果表明:养殖前期试验虾池水温、盐度、水色、透明度、pH以及DO、CODMn和BOD5相对稳定,处于正常状态,试验虾池的变化与对照虾池相当;养殖中期,试验虾池水体出现了透明度下降,pH波动较大以及水色、DO、CODMn和BOD5增高的现象,pH、CODMn和BOD5出现超标.试验虾池水体CODMn和BOD5均值比对照虾池均值略低;养殖末期,试验虾池水体CODMn和BOD5有所回落,试验虾池的CODMn和BOD5均值比对照虾池低.研究期间,养殖水源水质理化因子的变化处于稳定正常状态.实验表明,微生物制剂在虾养殖的前期对水质有较好调控效果,对养殖中、后期的水质恶化现象起到一定的改善作用.     

可生化性试验与评价方法研究

以５种废水为研究对象，通过确定其８ｈ相对耗氧率Ｒ（％）来作为可生化性评价指标，Ｒ（％）〉１００为易生化；１００〉Ｒ（％）〉３０为可生化；３０〉Ｒ（％）〉０为难生化，该文还通过模拟氧化塘处理废水，证明ＣＯＤ去除率同Ｒ（％）呈显著正相关，说明了相对耗经的准确性和实用性，与ＢＯＤ、／ＣＯＤ法相比，该法测定快速，简便实用。     

厌氧消化在纺织印染废水处理中的地位

纺织工业废水具有高浓度、高色度、高碱度、低BOD/COD比值的水质特性。近几年来对该污水采用了厌氧消化工艺,获得了良好的处理效果。本文对该污水处理系统工程中的厌氧消化技术进行小结和评价,从而确定了厌氧消化技术在纺织工业行业污水处理的地位。     

农业污染减排指标体系初步构建

控制和削减农业污染物排放总量是国家环境保护"十二五"规划的重点工作之一,但现行的环境管理及产排污量削减与控制技术中还没有完整的农业污染减排的指标体系。该文阐述了构建农业污染减排指标体系的基本原则和方法,综合考虑不同农业生产类型污染物产排过程的特点,从种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业3个方面初步构建农业污染减排指标体系,以期为研究农业主要污染物减排核算体系的关键参数和制定减排核算技术方法提供基础性技术支持。基于当前农业污染减排实施中可能存在的问题,对指标体系的进一步完善提出了相关建议。     

The interaction between seaweed farming as an alternative occupation and fisher numbers in the central Philippines

Alternative occupations are frequently promoted as a means to reduce the number of people exploiting declining fisheries. However, there is little evidence that alternative occupations reduce fisher numbers. Seaweed farming is frequently promoted as a lucrative alternative occupation for artisanal fishers in Southeast Asia. We examined how the introduction of seaweed farming has affected village-level changes in the number of fishers on Danajon Bank, central Philippines, where unsustainable fishing has led to declining fishery yields. To determine how fisher numbers had changed since seaweed farming started, we interviewed the heads of household from 300 households in 10 villages to examine their perceptions of how fisher numbers had changed in their village and the reasons they associated with these changes. We then asked key informants (people with detailed knowledge of village members) to estimate fisher numbers in these villages before seaweed farming began and at the time of the survey. We compared the results of how fisher numbers had changed in each village with the wealth, education, seaweed farm sizes, and other attributes of households in these villages, which we collected through interviews, and with village-level factors such as distance to markets. We also asked people why they either continued to engage in or ceased fishing. In four villages, respondents thought seaweed farming and low fish catches had reduced fisher numbers, at least temporarily. In one of these villages, there was a recent return to fishing due to declines in the price of seaweed and increased theft of seaweed. In another four villages, fisher numbers increased as human population increased, despite the widespread uptake of seaweed farming. Seaweed farming failed for technical reasons in two other villages. Our results suggest seaweed farming has reduced fisher numbers in some villages, a result that may be correlated with socioeconomic status, but the heterogeneity of outcomes is consistent with suggestions that alternative occupations are not a substitute for more direct forms of resource management.     

盐碱地养鱼的水质改良

报道了盐碱地池塘、水库、湖泊养鱼中的水质改良技术。池塘水质改良措施主要为加注淡水、施用有机肥、注水与施肥相结合、改造盐碱土质、控制生石灰用量及合理注排水 ;水库、湖泊等大水面水质改良的主要措施是引淡水和增施肥料 (有机肥和化肥 )。     

优势复合菌群用于城市生活污水净化新技术的研究

利用有效微生物 (EM )对广西南宁某污水塘进行了水体净化试验 ,在考察污染水体pH、水温等环境因素对EM影响的基础上 ,较系统地研究了EM技术对池塘水体各项主要污染指标的去除性能。试验结果表明 ,各项污染指标已达到GB1 2 94 1 -91景观娱乐用于C类水质标准。EM技术容易操作 ,处理费用低廉 ,是废水稳定塘治理的一种新方法、新技术。 更多还原      

一种用于尾矿库干滩长度在线监测的新方法

通过分析当前常用干滩长度在线监测方法所适应的条件及其存在的问题,提出了一种可用于干滩长度在线监测的新方法——渗流反推法,其基本原理是通过在干滩面上依次布置一定数量的渗压计,以获取实时的浸润线,然后通过建立浸润线的库长-坝高坐标系,再结合库水位,通过解算浸润线与库水位方程组,计算出尾矿库的干滩长度。该方法具有适应性强,监测准确,费用低、操作与维护简单、抗雷电能力强等优点,为干滩长度在线监测新方法的探索提供了参考。     

对虾高位池循环水养殖水体悬浮物等环境因子的变化特征

为了弄清对虾高位池循环水养殖过程中水体环境因子的变动规律,有效调控水体环境质量,提高养殖效益和生态效益,以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannarnei)为试验对象,研究了高位池循环水养殖过程中水体溶解氧(DO)、悬浮物(SS)、pH值和叶绿素a(Chl-a)等环境因子的变化特征。设计了3种不同循环处理量组,即20m3/h组(P1组)、40m3/h组(P2组)和60m3/h组(P3组)。结果表明:不同循环处理量组的循环水养殖系统均能有效提高水体中DO质量浓度,相对空白对照组,P1、P2、P3对DO质量浓度的相对增长率分别为8%、15%、18%;各循环处理量组水体pH值均稳定在7.84～7.96;P1、P2对SS处理效果不明显,P3对SS的相对降低率达到34%;P1组Chl-a质量浓度变化不明显,P2、P3组Chl-a质量浓度分别降低13%和28%。综合比较分析:对虾高位池循环水养殖系统能明显提高水体DO质量浓度,维持水体pH值稳定平衡,降低水体SS和Chl-a质量浓度;60m3/h循环处理量组对水质调控效果最好,40 m3/h组次之,20 m3/h组较差。