Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model

Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO_x),volatile organic compounds (VOCs),and solar radiation.In an urban environment,ground-level vehicular exhaust is the major anthropogenic source of ozone precursors.In the cases of street canyons,pollutant dilution is weakened by the surrounding buildings that creates localized high concentration of NO_x and VOCs,and thus leads to high potential of ozone formation.By considering the major physical and chemica...     

广西水生蔬菜土壤多环芳烃污染特征

为研究水生蔬菜土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,以广西水生蔬菜和相邻地块陆生蔬菜土壤作为研究对象,采集表层土壤,比较16种PAHs的污染特征,分析PAHs主要来源,评价潜在的生态风险。结果表明,研究区内水生蔬菜土壤中5、6环PAHs和7种致癌性PAHs的含量显著地高于陆生蔬菜土壤,2,3环PAHs的含量低于陆生蔬菜土壤,4环PAHs的含量没有显著差异;水生蔬菜和陆生蔬菜土壤中7种致癌性芳烃∑7cPAHs的平均贡献率分别为49. 03%和37. 61%,大部分样点属于重度污染水平;三种水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的污染模式相似,以4,5环PAHs为主,其次为2,3环PAHs,6环PAHs的含量最低。通过同分异构体比值法和主要成分分析法分析,发现土壤PAHs的主要来源为机动车尾气排放和生物质不完全燃烧。水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的苯并(a)芘总毒性当量为174. 59μg/kg,显著高于陆生蔬菜土壤的105. 54μg/kg,二者均低于加拿大土壤质量指标600μg/kg,但潜在的生态风险不可忽视。     

典型电子废物焚烧区水生生物多溴联苯醚累积特征

对广东清远某电子废物焚烧区封闭水体中水生生物体PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)的累积特征进行了研究. 结果表明,草虾、田螺、河蚌、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、黄鳝和乌鳢等水生生物体内w(∑₂₁PBDEs)(以脂肪质量计)为0.2487~24.50μg/g. 该电子废物焚烧区水生生物PBDEs污染较严重,较我国其他地区开放性水体的水生生物体w(PBDEs)高出1~3个数量级. 其中,底栖动物河蚌和田螺体内PBDEs累积最高,w(∑₂₁PBDEs)分别为11.38和4.968μg/g. 不同同系物在水生生物体内累积差异较大,BDE209是水生生物体PBDEs累积的主要组分,占49.83%~91.48%,八溴代和九溴代BDE也发生了高累积. 营养级是电子废物焚烧区水生生物PBDEs累积的最主要控制因素,但捕食和生活习性对生物体尤其是软体动物PBDEs累积也产生了较大影响.      

催化技术对绿色化学的影响研究

绿色化学又称环境友好化学,它是在化学产品的设计、制造和应用过程中运用一套原理和理论来减少或者消除对有害物质的生产和利用的一门学科。绿色化学工艺的目标是用化学的技术和手段去减少或消除那些对人类健康有害的原料、产物、副产物、溶剂和试剂等的产生或应用。催化技术是绿色化学工艺研究及应用的重要手段,简要介绍了绿色化学与催化的关系、催化剂的研究进展及典型实例,并列举了几种新型绿色催化剂,详细分析了其环境友好特性。     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

镉的淡水水生生物水质基准研究

镉是一种有毒重金属,具有高毒性、难降解和易残留等特点,会对水生生物及水生态系统产生有害影响.为有效控制镉给水生生物带来的不利影响,亟需开展镉的水生生物基准研究,为水质标准的制订提供依据. 以我国淡水生态系统及其生物区系为保护对象,结合大量国内外文献报道的镉对我国淡水生物区系中代表物种的毒理学数据,运用评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法等当前国际上广泛使用的基准推导方法,研究我国淡水中镉的基准值及其推导过程. 结果表明:评价因子法得出的基准值为单值,其值为0.15 μg/L;毒性百分数排序法得出的基准值包括基准最大浓度和基准连续浓度,二者分别为7.30和0.12 μg/L;物种敏感度分布法得出的基准值分为短期危险浓度和长期危险浓度,二者分别为32.50和0.46 μg/L. 比较了3种方法的优缺点,以及与国内外已有研究基准值之间的差异及形成原因,分析了影响镉的水生生物基准的关键因素.      

星云湖湖滨带生态建设与水生植被恢复

近年来由于人为活动的影响,星云湖的生态结构遭到了严重破坏,这是导致其污染自净能力下降,从而加速水质恶化的主要内在因素.在2000年3月湖泊水生生态演替调查及其原因分析的基础上,根据湖泊生态学的原理,提出了星云湖湖滨带生态建设与水生植被恢复的建设途径.     

我国淡水生物氨氮基准研究

主要采用美国水生生物基准技术,结合美国氨氮水质基准数学模型,利用我国水生生物的氨氮毒性数据,对我国淡水生物氨氮基准进行了研究.共搜集了35种淡水生物的氨氮急性毒性数据和7种慢性毒性数据,得出的氨氮水质基准表现为以水体pH值和温度为自变量的函数,在pH 6.5～9.0、温度0～30℃的取值范围内,我国氨氮急性和慢性基准的...     

可持续发展概念指导下的化学--绿色化学

阐述了人类文明发展到绿色文明阶段时所产生的化学思想方法与传统化学思想方法的差别,分析了作为绿色文明积极实践者的绿色化学的产生背景以及从原材料、反应历程、分离技术、产品和包装方面与传统方法的差别,指山了今后绿色化学的发展趋势。