河套灌区浅层地下水NO3--N时空变化及驱动因素

为探明河套灌区地下水硝酸盐污染现状、时空演变特征和主要影响因素,选择乌拉特灌域为研究区,采用统计分析、 Piper三线图、相关分析和离子比值等方法,探究了该地区地下水硝酸盐质量浓度时空变化格局和主要驱动因素.结果表明,乌拉特灌域地下水氮素主要以NO^-₃-N为主,ρ（NO^-₃-N）存在极高值(60.00 mg·L^-1),超标率达10.50%;时间分布：8月地下水ρ（NO^-₃-N）最高(平均值为6.61 mg·L^-1), 10月(6.22 mg·L^-1)和11月(6.25 mg·L^-1)次之,3月(平均值为1.77 mg·L^-1)最小,土壤中NO^-₃-N在降雨和灌溉驱动作用影响下,下渗至地下水,呈现出丰水期和灌溉集中期高于其它时期的特征;空间分布：灌域西南部(8.87 mg·L^-1)&g...     

太湖上游水环境对植物分布格局的影响机制

对北太湖上游流域的苏南第二大湖泊滆湖及其入太湖的主要河流(太滆运河与漕桥河)的水质和水生植被开展调查、评价与环境生态学研究。调查结果表明所有样点水质均超富营养化,尤以太滆运河与漕桥河的水体污染为甚。通过PCA综合评价,河流绝大多数河段已是Ⅳ类水体,滆湖也已呈Ⅲ类水体。对水生植物类群调查而言,调查发现太隔运河和漕桥河中上游河段水生植物多样性指数均很小,凤眼莲、芦苇和菰为优势种,沉水植被分布很少,群落退化严重,耐污种篦齿眼子菜和水盾草占优势;在湖泊中心区,沉水植物已完全退化。聚类分析发现所调查的植物可分为3大类群。PCO和CCA分别表明河流与湖泊所在的样点间的水体理化性状出现很明显的分离;该流域水体中不同形态N、P含量或底泥N、P含量主要影响水生植物种类组成和分布。     

EM技术及其在水环境保护中的应用研究进展

通过对EM有效微生物技术的特点、作用及在水环境保护中的应用研究进展的介绍,表明该技术应用于水环境保护中具有广阔的发展前景。     

沉水植物黑藻腐解过程中营养盐释放过程

为探究沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律,采用黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)作为研究用沉水植物,在实验室内模拟了黑藻在初春温度下腐解过程中的主要营养盐碳、氮、磷的释放过程.结果表明:黑藻在试验初期迅速腐解,该过程中向水体释放大量碳(81.31%)、氮(81.62%)、磷(85.94%).但随着时间的推移,黑藻向水体释放的磷大部分沉积进入底泥,而氮有部分沉积进入底泥,同时有部分以气体形式移出水体.黑藻腐烂分解产生的厌氧条件以及高TOC供给促进水体反硝化作用加快氮素移出水体.但是较大生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,植物残体分解加剧,导致水质严重恶化,因此需要适时收割水生植物来控制水体残留生物量.     

崇明典型水生生物中雌激素含量和分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱系统(UHPLC-MS2)检测崇明岛9种典型水生生物体中5种典型雌激素的含量,包括雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、炔雌醇(EE2)和双酚A(BPA).并探讨其分布特征,进行初步健康风险评价.结果表明,9种典型水生生物中雌激素总量(以dw计)为1.1~7.38 ng·g-1,平均为4.25 ng·g-1.雌激素脂肪含量(以lw计)在5.01~83.41 ng·g-1之间,平均值为40.75 ng·g-1,雌激素脂肪含量水平表现为鱼类>虾类>蟹类.鱼类和蟹类,虾类之间雌激素脂肪含量差异性显著,蟹类和虾类之间不存在显著差异性.从检出率和检出含量看,甾醇类雌激素(E1、E2、E3和EE2)的残留明显低于酚类雌激素(BPA).E1、E2、E3和EE2的检出率小于66.67%,平均干重含量为0.17~0.69ng·g-1,而BPA的检出率高达100%,检出的平均干重含量为2.60 ng·g-1.健康风险评估结果表明,崇明岛水产品中雌激素对健康影响不大.     

五种水生植物对水中铀的去除作用

采用水培实验,研究了浮叶植物野生水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、漂浮植物浮萍(Lemna minor L)、满江红(Azolla imbircata)、沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、挺水植物空心莲子草(Alligator Alternanthera Herb)在初始铀浓度分别为0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1水中的生长状况及它们对水中铀的去除能力.结果表明,在21 d的水培试验期内,满江红对铀表现出了最强的抗性,0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1的铀对满江红的生长抑制率分别只有4.56%、2.48%和6.79%,而满江红对水中铀的去除率分别达到了94%、97%和92%.进一步的试验表明,每1 L水中种植7.5 g满江红,可以获得最大的铀去除率,将初始铀浓度为1.25、2.50、5.00和10.00 mg·L^-1的水体降至国家排放标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05 mg·L^-1)以下分别需要17、19、23和25 d.研究结果为进一步开展铀污染水体植物修复的研究打下了基础.     

Water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation of silver nanoparticles in environmental waters

The inevitable release of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into aquatic environments has drawn great concerns about its environmental toxicity and safety. Although aggregation and transformation play crucial roles in the transport and toxicity of AgNPs, how the water chemistry of environmental waters influences the aggregation and transformation of engineered AgNPs is still not well understood. In this study, the aggregation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs was investigated in eight typical environmental water samples (with different ionic strengths, hardness, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations) by using UV–visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Raman spectroscopy was applied to probe the interaction of DOM with the surface of AgNPs. Further, the photo-transformation and morphology changes of AgNPs in environmental waters were studied by UV–visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that both electrolytes (especially Ca^2 + and Mg^2 +) and DOM in the surface waters are key parameters for AgNP aggregation, and sunlight could accelerate the morphology change, aggregation, and further sedimentation of AgNPs. This water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation should have significant environmental impacts on the transport and toxicity of AgNPs in the aquatic environments.     

水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体研究进展

氮、磷是引起水体富营养化、导致水质恶化的重要因素,因此去除氮、磷一直是污水处理的重要任务.鉴于传统物理、化学方法存在的操作难、成本高、易产生二次污染等问题,人们越来越多地将目光转向利用水生植物去除氮、磷营养物质、净化水质上.介绍了近年来国内外应用水生植物修复氮、磷污染水体的方法、效果及其影响因素,探讨了水生植物净化污染水体的机制.针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后应在不同植物种类开发、植物组合优化以及植物的净化机制等方面加强研究.     

Eichhornia crassipes capability to remove naphthalene from wastewater in the absence of bacteria

The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential of an aquatic plant, the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) devoid rhizospheric bacteria, to reduce naphthalene (a polyaromatic hydrocarbon) present in wastewater and wetlands.The capability of sterile water hyacinth plants to remove naphthalene from water and wastewater was studied in batch systems. Water hyacinths enhance the removal of pollutants through their consumption as nutrients and also through microbial activity of their rhizospheric bacteria.Experimental kinetics of naphthalene removal by water hyacinth coupled with natural rhizospheric bacteria was 100% after 9 d. Plants, decoupled of rhizospheric bacteria, reduced naphthalene concentration up to 45% during 7 d. Additionally, naphthalene uptake by water hyacinth revealed a biphasic behavior: a rapid first phase completed after 2.5 h, and a second, considerably slower rate, phase (2.5-225 h). In conclusion, water hyacinth devoid rhizospheric bacteria reduced significantly naphthalene concentration in water, revealing a considerable plant contribution in the biodegradation process of this pollutant.     

The chemical exploitation of nickel phytoextraction: An environmental, ecologic and economic opportunity for New Caledonia

Herein, we explore the outlines of an innovative method based on the chemical recovery of metal-rich biomass produced in phytoextraction technologies. Taking advantage of the adaptive capacity of some New Caledonian plants to hyperaccumulate Ni²⁺ cations in their aerial parts, this technique is based on the direct use of metals derived from plants as “Lewis acid” catalysts in organic chemistry. Metallic cations contained in New Caledonian nickel hyperaccumulators are recovered through a simple cost-effective process and serve the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts used in synthetic transformations allowing access to molecules with high added-value. The design of all processes is in line with the principles of green chemistry; it is adapted to the new economic constraints; it offers a new relevant outlet for metal-rich biomass; and it represents an alternative to non-renewable mineral materials.