北京市酸雨变化趋势及成因分析

1993-2002年中国气象局酸雨观测站网在北京地区有两个观测站,2003年增至3个。根据北京3个酸雨观测站的有关资料,研究了北京市酸雨变化的特征及成因。研究结果表明:第一,1993-2007年北京地区降水酸度呈现两个阶段,即1993-2002年降水酸度稳定在较弱水平,而2003-2008年呈逐年增强趋势。第二,与2003年以前相比,2003年以后硫酸根和硝酸根离子浓度均呈明显增加趋势,二者比值逐步下降并低于3,这表明北京乃至华北地区的酸雨已由硫酸型转为硫酸与硝酸并重型。第三,北京周边省、市二氧化硫年排放量的增加及钙离子和可吸入颗粒物浓度减少是近年来北京地区酸雨增强的人为原因。第四,气象条件是酸雨发生的主要动力因素。一般情况下,在地面风速较小的季节酸雨频率较高,850hPa高度为弱的偏南风或发生低层逆温时可促进酸雨的发生。此外降水量的大小也与酸雨有密切关系,24 h降水量达暴雨量级时酸雨频率最高。     

水生维管束植物处理污水及其综合利用

文章通过大量实验数据及国内外水生维管束植物处理污水的发展状况,深入探讨水生维管束植物处理污水的净化机理及其影响因素,并对水生维管束植物处理污水资源化的综合利用进行了论述,从目前的研究成果来看,该方法是一种经济、有效、适合我国国情的污水处理方法。     

利用激光诱导荧光技术测量大气氢氧自由基的研究进展

激光诱导荧光技术是目前测量大气ＯＨ 自由基中使用最多的方法。本文总结了２０ 多年的研究成果,论述了激光诱导荧光技术用于测定大气ＯＨ 自由基的研究进展,讨论了测量中的不确定因素及其对策,并着重介绍了目前最常用的基于气体扩张的低压荧光（ＦＡＧＥ） 技术。     

Seasonal Distribution of Chemical Elements in Alisma plantago-aquaticaL. and Sagittaria sagittifoliaL.

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

RELATION BETWEEN FISH COMMUNITIES AND RIPARIAN ZONE CONDITIONS AT TWO SPATIAL SCALES1

ABSTRACT: The relation offish community composition to riparian cover at two spatial scales was compared at 18 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin. The two spatial scales were: (1) local riparian zone (a 200 meter wide buffer extending 2 to 3 kilometers upstream of the sampling reach); and (2) the upstream riparian zone (a 200 m wide buffer on the mainstem and all perennial tributaries upstream of the sampling reach). Analysis of variance indicated that streams with wooded‐local riparian zones had greater fish species richness (means = 20 and 15, respectively) and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores (means = 40 and 26, respectively) than streams with open‐local riparian zones. Streams with wooded‐upstream riparian zones tended (were not statistically significant) to have greater numbers of species (means = 19 and 15, respectively) and IBI scores (means = 33 and 28, respectively) than streams with open‐upstream riparian zones. There was no significant interaction between the riparian zone conditions at the two scales. This study suggests that maintenance of wooded riparian cover along streams could be effective in maintaining or improving fish community composition in streams draining heavily agricultural areas.     

天然水体中微囊藻毒素归宿的初步研究

微囊藻毒素是有毒蓝藻释放的肝毒性代谢物,对环境和人们健康具有潜在危害,成为各国普遍关注的热点,并已列入我国地表水环境质量特定检测项目。在暴发严重蓝藻水华的滇池水环境治理工程中,对水华污染水体中微囊藻毒素的含量进行了全年监测,结果表明水样中微囊藻毒素含量的变化范围为0.17~0.82 μg/L,比水体中蓝藻生物量的藻毒素含量低了至少一个数量级。为研究水体中藻毒素的归宿,通过有关微囊藻毒素的吸附、光降解、微生物降解等一系列现场和实验室研究,结果表明光降解是滇池水体中微囊藻毒素浓度降低的主要途径,同时微生物降解、生物积累和颗粒物吸附也是水体中微囊藻毒素浓度降低的因素。探讨了蓝藻水华污染水体的藻毒素归宿途径,并提出了有待研究的问题。     

Tissue nutrient concentrations in aquatic macrophytes: comparison across biophysical zones,surface water habitats and plant life forms

Aquatic plant tissue (nitrogen) N and phosphorus (P) concentrations, together with the N:P ratio in general, respond poorly to ambient nutrient supply. The variability in plant tissue nutrient concentrations appears to be highly conditioned by taxonomic (mostly species) effects. The significant role that other attributes of the surrounding environment may have in modifying the degree of taxonomic dependence on plant nutrient concentration is yet to be tested with a broader characterisation of plant life forms (bryophytes, helophytes, hydrophytes), so as to investigate implications for ecosystem processes. Plant samples (378) were collected across 65 sites spanning a wide range of aquatic habitats (lotic and lentic) and biophysical zones (floodplain, glacial terraces, mountains) located in NE Scotland. Significant differences in plant tissues N, P and the N:P were found after grouping sampling sites by either habitat or biophysical zones; the latter even after removing the largest taxonomic effect. The range in plant tissue N and P was relatively wide within habitats and zones, reflecting the high species diversity of the studied area. As a group, bryophytes had smaller N and P concentrations, and consequently wider biomass C:N and C:P ratios, a situation which may impose constraints on the flow of energy through food-webs of the mountain and bog areas where they dominate.     

Evaluation of water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir,Lebanon: suitability for multipurpose usage

The increased demand on water resources in Lebanon as a resultof: progressive urbanization, socio-economic growth, agriculturalactivities and development of industries is, according to the national authorities, a major critical factor by the year 2010.Political difficulties in earlier years imply a dearth of pertinent data. The objective of this study was to evaluate water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir of the Litani River andassess its feasibility for multi-purpose usage as one of the solutions to the aggravated water problems in Lebanon. Sampleswere collected from 18 sampling sites at several dates duringthe dry season. Parameters analysed were, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkalinity, Ca, Mg, TH, Cl^-, SO₄ ^2-, NH₃, NO₃ ^-,PO₄ ^3-, Fe, Al, Na, Zn, Cr, Cu and As. The reported data were in compliancewith WHO guidelines, USEPA regulation and EEC directives. Statistical analysis of the data defined three distinct environmental zones and water quality in the central, main zone satisfied most criteria. It is concluded that the reservoir water is fit for multipurpose uses, namely, drinking, domestic,recreational activities, irrigation, fisheries, livestock and industrial, and should be properly managed accordingly.     

The Seasonal Variation of the Concentrations of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxides in Two Nigerian Cities

A combination of multivariate statistical methods including factor analysis, principal component analysis, principal component regression, and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to evaluate the influence of seasons on the concentrations of ozone, sulfur (IV) oxide, and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air of Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ilorin. The former city is located in the coastal area, and it is highly congested with a high intensity of marine, vehicular, and industrial activities, and the latter city is a medium size town, located in the central guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler from near the ground at various sites of diverse human and industrial activities, during wet and dry seasons from 2003 to 2006. The PCA reveals three distinct groupings during the day for all data, which is a reflection of different factors contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of these cities. The predicted ozone concentration values by MLR agree fairly well with the measured data. The dependence of ozone on meteorological parameters including relative humidity, air temperature, and sun exposure and the precursor pollutants depends on weather and the anthropogenic activities. The results for the two cities indicate that reduction in the level of NO₂ is accompanied by an increase in the level of ozone, suggesting the interconversion between the two via photochemical activity.     

盐化产业低碳发展的对策研究——以自贡市盐化产业为例

作为高能耗和高排放产业之一的盐化产业,探索低碳发展之路具有重要意义.在对自贡市盐化产业发展现状分析的基础上,从节能、减排、引导的角度论述了盐化产业低碳发展的基本路径,并围绕低碳发展路径,从机制、政策、制度等方面提出盐化产业低碳发展的主要对策.