Comparison of Streambed Sediment and Aquatic Biota as Media for Characterizing Trace Elements and Organochlorine Compounds in the Willamette Basin, Oregon

During 1992–93, 27 organochlorine compounds (pesticides plus total PCB) and 17 trace elements were analyzed in bed sediment and aquatic biota from 20 stream sites in the Willamette Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Data from each medium were compared to evaluate their relative effectiveness for assessing occurrence (broadly defined as documentation of important concentrations) of these constituents. Except for Cd, Hg, Se, and Ag, trace element concentrations generally were higher in bed sediment than in biota. Conversely, although frequencies of detection for organochlorine compounds in biota were only slightly greater than in bed sediment, actual concentrations in biota (normalized to lipid) were as much as 19 times those in sediment (normalized to organic carbon). Sculpin (Cottus spp.) and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea), found at 14 and 7 sites, respectively, were the most widespread taxa collected during the study. Concentrations of trace elements, particularly As and Cu, were typically greater in Asiatic clams than in sculpin. In contrast, almost half of the organochlorine compounds analyzed were found in sculpin, but only DDT and its degradation products were detected in Asiatic clams; this may be related to the lipid content of sculpin, which was about three times higher than for clams. Thus, the medium of choice for assessing occurrence depends largely on the constituent(s) of interest.     

Effects of heavy metals on the nitrogen metabolism of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. ex Hedw. A 15N tracer study

The assessment of pollution in aquatic systems necessitates an accurate indication of toxicity of heavy metals for organisms and ecosystems. We used the stable nitrogen isotope 15N to estimate the influence of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fractions in the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. This method permits conclusions concerning inhibitory effects of these heavy metals on the assimilation of nitrogen and the biosynthesis of amino acids and proteins. The moss was exposed to metal concentrations of 25-500 microM over a period of 5-10 days. 15N abundance of exposed plants was compared with that of control plants. Similar to a loss of vitality determined using a fluorometric assay, a decrease of the 15N abundance in the N fractions of Fontinalis antipyretica was measured in dependence on the metal concentration. Nevertheless, the individual inhibition by the distinct metals was different, so that the following order of toxicity was derived: Cd > Pb > Zn.     

人工湿地中微生物生态的研究进展

人工湿地作为一种廉价的传统废水处理技术的替代技术已被应用于多种废水的处理。目前对湿地系统中水生植物、微生物、基质和污染物之间的相互作用机理还不完全清楚,文章从微生物生态的角度论述了微生物在人工湿地中的分布特征及影响因素,水生植物对微生物的作用,以及目前微生物多样性研究的策略。     

应用概率物种敏感度分布法研究太湖铜水生生物水质基准

运用概率物种敏感度分布法获得太湖水体中铜的急性水质基准值为14.57μg·L-1,慢性水质基准值为3.26μg·L-1;不同类别物种敏感性存在差异,无脊椎动物较脊椎动物更敏感,甲壳类敏感性大于鱼类。概率物种敏感度分布法与传统的物种敏感度分布法相比,更全面合理地考虑多种毒性效应,曲线拟合效果好,受数据量大小影响较小,结果更加稳定。研究结论可为铜水质标准的修订和太湖流域水环境管理提供技术支持。     

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Matter

An overview of the methods used for the isolation and characterization of organic matter in natural waters is presented. Commonly used techniques for the concentration and isolation of organic matter from water, such as preparative chromatography, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and the methods used to analyze the organic matter obtained by these methods are reviewed. the development of methods to obtain organic matter that is associated with fractions of the dissolved organic carbon other than humic substances, such as organic bases, hydrophilic organic acids and colloidal organic matter are discussed. Methods specifically used to study dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorous are also discussed.     

MB(A2/O)处理城市污水富磷上清液的化学除磷研究

为开发新型除磷脱氮工艺,研制了将MBR和A²/O工艺相结合的新型MB(A²/O)反应器。研究了MB(A²/O)反应器处理城市污水厌氧富磷上清液的化学除磷,并分析了过程机理及特性。结果表明：对于TP在30～45 mg/L的富磷上清液,采用含20% Ca(OH)₂的工业石灰与P的最佳投加质量比为22.5;纯Ca(OH)₂与P的最佳投加质量比为5.6（摩尔比为2.5）;FeSO₄·7H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为10.7（Fe^2＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）;Al₂(SO₄)₃·12H₂O与P的最佳投加质量比为12（Al^3＋与P的摩尔比为1.3）时,均可使出水TP稳定在0.3 mg/L以下;以石灰、NaOH的联合投加方式可大幅减少石灰投加量。     

典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象,介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除,重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响,并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应,阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现,微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关,水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素,有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径;微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递,但不一定会产生生物放大效应;微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变,共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。     

保护淡水水生生物硝基苯水质基准研究

以硝基苯为研究对象,在分析美国和中国2种类型水生态系统和生物区系特征的基础上,分别筛选两国水生生物物种的毒性数据,运用物种敏感度分布曲线法、毒性百分数排序法和评价因子法分别推导了2个国家保护淡水水生生物水质基准;同时,结合国内外主要水体ρ(硝基苯)分布特征,对地表水体中硝基苯生态风险进行了初步评价.结果表明:由于生物区系不同,同样方法得到的美国水质基准值明显高于中国水质基准值,其中物种敏感度分布曲线法得出的基准值最为合理.用物种敏感度分布曲线法得到中国硝基苯急性基准值为0.572mg/L,慢性基准值为0.114mg/L;美国硝基苯急性基准值为7.271mg/L,慢性基准值为2.031mg/L.风险表征结果显示,中国主要地表水体中硝基苯不存在潜在的生态风险.      

序批式膜生物反应器中反硝化聚磷菌的富集

采用序批式膜生物反应器（SBMBR）对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集进行了研究.结果表明,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧-好氧2个阶段的富集,反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌的比例从19.4%上升到69.6%,每周期缺氧段投加硝酸盐氮120 mg时,SBMBR系统运行最为稳定.稳定运行的SBMBR反硝化强化除磷体系具有良好的强化除磷和反硝化脱氮性能,缺氧段脱氮和除磷效率分别达到100%和84%,膜出水总磷浓度平均低于0.5mg/L,系统除磷率达到96.1%.此外,氨氮去除率保持在92.2%,氨氮被去除的同时并没有发现亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的明显积累.     

太湖水质与水生生物健康的关联性初探

分别利用内梅罗指数法和底栖动物完整性指数法评价2008~2012年太湖水质和水生生物健康状况.结果表明,太湖全湖水质受到污染,水生生物健康基本处于亚健康状态.水质评价和水生生物评价结果在较大的尺度上呈现相同的趋势:从全湖尺度上看,水质和水生生物评价都显示东太湖的水生态健康状况总体上好于太湖其他部分.从时间上看,2008~2012年太湖水质等级和水生生物健康状况均低于20世纪60年代的水平.两种评价结果在短时间尺度和某些点位间存在差异,这是由于:①两种评价方法关注的时间尺度有所差异;②水生生物健康不仅与水质有关,还与水体生境有关.有机污染物和过剩营养盐是影响太湖水质和水生生物健康状况的主要因素,因此降低太湖及其入湖河流中有机污染物和营养盐的浓度是改善太湖水质和水生态功能的有效方法.