大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化植物种类选择

大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化生态修复工程主要采用厚层基材喷附和液力喷播两种工艺,喷播植物种类的选择将直接影响其生态修复效果。以该工程为例,根据工程区地理及环境特征,基于边坡绿化的基本原则,因地制宜地提出了适宜的边坡绿化植物。     

广州城市河涌沉积物浸出液对水生生物的急性毒性

研究了广州市石井河、澳口涌、沙河涌、东朗涌、车陂涌、花地涌6条河涌沉积物浸出液对小球藻、大型和斑马鱼的急性毒性.试验结果表明,6条河涌沉积物浸出液对水生生物均存在不同程度的毒性,其中石井河和澳口涌毒性较大.对于河涌沉积物污染的生物检测,小球藻生长抑制率指标比大型和斑马鱼存活率指标具有更高的敏感性和指示性,其顺序表现为小球藻>斑马鱼>大型.沉积物会构成河流的一个持久性污染源而对水生生物造成危害.在治理河涌的过程中,河涌沉积物的二次污染不可忽视.氵搔氵搔氵搔     

A Richer,Greener and Smaller Alpine World: Review and Projection of Warming-Induced Plant Cover Change in the Swedish Scandes

Alpine plant life is proliferating, biodiversity is on the rise and the mountain world appears more productive and inviting than ever. Upper range margin rise of trees and low-altitude (boreal) plant species, expansion of alpine grasslands and dwarf-shrub heaths are the modal biotic adjustments during the past few decades, after a century of substantial climate warming in the Swedish Scandes. This course of biotic landscape evolution has reached historical dimensions and broken a multi-millennial trend of plant cover retrogression, alpine tundra expansion, floristic and faunal impoverishment, all imposed by progressive and deterministic neoglacial climate cooling. Continued modest warming over the present century will likely be beneficial to alpine biodiversity, geoecological stability, resilience, sustainable reindeer husbandry and aesthetic landscape qualities. These aspects are highlighted by an integrative review of results from long-term monitoring of subalpine/alpine vegetation in the Swedish Scandes. This forms the basis for some tentative projections of landscape transformations in a potentially warmer future. Notably, these results and projections are not necessarily valid in other regions and differ in some respects from model predictions. Continued monitoring is mandatory as a basis for generation of more realistic vegetation and ecosystem models.     

Streamflow Responses to Climate Change: Analysis of Hydrologic Indicators in a New York City Water Supply Watershed

Recent works have indicated that climate change in the northeastern United States is already being observed in the form of shorter winters, higher annual average air temperature, and more frequent extreme heat and precipitation events. These changes could have profound effects on aquatic ecosystems, and the implications of such changes are less understood. The objective of this study was to examine how future changes in precipitation and temperature translate into changes in streamflow using a physically based semidistributed model, and subsequently how changes in streamflow could potentially impact stream ecology. Streamflow parameters were examined in a New York City water supply watershed for changes from model‐simulated baseline conditions to future climate scenarios (2081‐2100) for ecologically relevant factors of streamflow using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alterations tool. Results indicate that earlier snowmelt and reduced snowpack advance the timing and increase the magnitude of discharge in the winter and early spring (November‐March) and greatly decrease monthly streamflow later in the spring in April. Both the rise and fall rates of the hydrograph will increase resulting in increased flashiness and flow reversals primarily due to increased pulses during winter seasons. These shifts in timing of peak flows, changes in seasonal flow regimes, and changes in the magnitudes of low flow can all influence aquatic organisms and have the potential to impact stream ecology.     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.     

基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划——以浑河流域为例

从环境战略管理的高度,提出了一种基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划分方法.在现行水环境功能区划的基础上,结合生态管理理念及相关理论,并充分考虑我国水环境管理能力及发展趋势,进行流域水环境功能区划分.流域水环境功能区划以流域水生态分区为基础,根据参考条件评估水体的生态状况,考虑水体生态保护功能和最小生态需水量,提出新的流域水环境功能区划的理论基础和技术方法体系.首次将水生态分区、水生态保护目标和生态需水量引入水环境功能区划之中,对原水环境功能区划的内涵进行了拓展.该方法以浑河流域为案例做了实证研究.     

Ecophysiological Competence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba</Emphasis> L., <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus angustifolia</Emphasis> Vahl., and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crataegus monogyna</Emphasis> Jacq. Used in Plantations for the Recovery of Riparian Vegetation

In many semi-arid environments of Mediterranean ecosystems, white poplar (Populus alba L.) is the dominant riparian tree and has been used to recover degraded areas, together with other native species, such as ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). We addressed three main objectives: (1) to gain an improved understanding of some specific relationships between environmental parameters and leaf-level physiological factors in these riparian forest species, (2) to compare the leaf-level physiology of these riparian species to each other, and (3) to compare leaf-level responses within native riparian plots to adjacent restoration plots, in order to evaluate the competence of the plants used for the recovery of those degraded areas. We found significant differences in physiological performance between mature and young white poplars in the natural stand and among planted species. The net assimilation and transpiration rates, diameter, and height of white poplar plants were superior to those of ash and hawthorn. Ash and hawthorn showed higher water use efficiency than white poplar. White poplar also showed higher levels of stomatal conductance, behaving as a fast-growing, water-consuming species with a more active gas exchange and ecophysiological competence than the other species used for restoration purposes. In the restoration zones, the planted white poplars had higher rates of net assimilation and water use efficiency than the mature trees in the natural stand. We propose the use of white poplar for the rapid restoration of riparian vegetation in semi-arid Mediterranean environments. Ash and hawthorn can also play a role as accompanying species for the purpose of biodiversity.     

Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1

Lutz-Carrillo, Dijar J., Gregory M. Southard, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):24-32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00388.x Abstract: Prymnesium parvum is considered among the most harmful algal species in the world for finfish and other gill breathing organisms. Although it is globally distributed, with the exception of Antarctica, P. parvum is usually associated with coastal and brackish waters. Historically, P. parvum incidents were recorded in the eastern hemisphere; however, in 1985 it was detected in inland Texas waters. We used DNA sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer in the nuclear ribosomal operon (ITS1) among multiple samples of P. parvum from Texas and other locales to address the possible origins of P. parvum in Texas and the United States (U.S.). With the exception of a sample from Diversion Lake, other samples from Texas, South Carolina, and Wyoming exhibited limited genetic variation and were similar in sequence to a sample from Scotland. The Diversion Lake sample was similar in sequence to samples from Denmark and Norway, and the Maine sample was highly similar to samples from England. These results suggest multiple independent introductions of P. parvum to the U.S.     

复杂地形条件下根系对土壤有机碳的贡献

在地形条件复杂的地区,量化根系对土壤有机碳的贡献对科学评价水土流失区的土壤碳储量具有重要意义.本研究在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟小流域内,基于地貌类型(梁峁坡、沟坡和沟谷)和植被措施(农田、林地和草地措施)两大因素采集土壤和根系样品,在流域尺度上研究根系密度(FRD)对土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的贡献.在砖窑沟小流域内,地形、植被措施和土层厚度及其交互作用显著影响SOCD和FRD的空间分布. SOCD和FRD在不同地形部位下均呈现出沟谷沟坡梁峁坡的趋势,在不同植被措施下均呈现出林地措施草地措施农田措施的趋势,在不同土层厚度上均呈现出表层(0～20 cm)大于下层(20～100 cm)的趋势.此外,FRD对SOCD的影响显著(P 0. 05),SOCD随着FRD增加呈现出对数增加的趋势,且不同地形和植被措施下的根系-碳转化效率差异显著(P 0. 05).在农田措施下,沟谷(0. 87)的根系-碳转化效率均是沟坡(0. 43)和梁峁坡(0. 43)的2. 0倍;在草地措施下,沟坡(0. 57)的根系-碳转化效率分别是沟谷(0. 45)和梁峁坡(0. 27)的1. 3倍和2. 1倍;在林地措施下,梁峁坡(0. 56)的根系-碳转化效率是沟坡(0. 44)的1. 3倍.因此,在砖窑沟小流域内,从增加根系-碳转化效率的角度而言,沟谷适合进行农业生产,沟坡适宜进行退耕还草,而梁峁坡适合进行退耕还林.     

Comparative Assessment of the Level of Plant Cover Synanthropization in Specially Protected Areas

Tendencies in plant cover synanthropization depending on the pattern and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on natural complexes have been revealed in specially protected areas of different classes (a nature reserve and a nature park).