分子连接性指数对部分有机污染物溶解度及疏水参数的预测

以化学键为基础定义了键连接性指数和分子键连接性指数，分子键连接性指数与卤代烷、环烷烃、烷基苯和含氧原子醇、酮、醚及卤代苯等有机污染物的溶解度和辛醇／水分配系数都具有良好的线性关系，使用该模型对化合物的溶解度及疏水参数的估算结果接近实验值，能很好地反映有机化合物的结构特性，可应用于不饱和碳氢体系和各类杂原子体系，且具有良好的预测能力。     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

对硝基苯胺的光化学降解研究

系统研究了氙灯和高压汞灯照射下对硝基苯胺(PNA)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光化学降解情况.结果表明,PNA光降解速率会受到光源、溶液介质、温度、起始浓度、重金属离子、甲醇及过氧化氢浓度的影响.随着光源强度的增强、起始浓度的增大、温度的增高和过氧化氢量的增加,PNA在海水中光降解速率相应加快;然而甲醇的加入可有效...     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD的结构和性质研究

以聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）和双腈双胺（ＤＣＤ）为原料,合成了有机絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ。用ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ和１３ＣＮＭＲ等方法对其结构进行了表征,探讨了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ溶解度随ｐＨ值变化的规律,研究了ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ对活性染料的絮凝脱色和去除ＣＯＤＣｒ的性能。结果表明,ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ是侧链带有多种极性基团的聚合物;在酸性条件下溶解度较小,碱性条件下溶解度较大;在加入量较少的情况下使活性染料的脱色率接近１００％,并对ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除有较大贡献。     

非饱和土壤轻油污染多相流研究进展

轻油泄漏到地下后 ,在非饱和土壤中水、气、油三相相互作用、相互影响 ,共同构成多相流体系统。在简要分析轻油污染问题的产生、危害以及轻油泄漏在地表以下运移方式的基础上 ,介绍并总结了近些年来国内外土壤轻油污染有关的多相流研究方面的进展 ,包括国外的模型研究成果、国内外试验研究方法和研究成果 ,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步探讨的方向     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

荸荠对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

采取植物种植水培养、植物浸提液培养及植物共培养3种培养方式研究了荸荠对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现:荸荠植株种植水、荸荠浸提液以及荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了化感抑制作用.100%浓度的荸荠浸提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制率达到91.40%,而荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为86.83%.这两者之间的差异并不显著,直接验证了荸荠能够通过不断地向水体中释放化感物质来长久、有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.     

Dissolution behavior of metals from particulate matter emissions

Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is linked to numerous health effects. In order to improve the understanding of the role of its metallic components, their solubility was examined by using serial short-contact dissolutions totalling 1?h and additional sequential contact periods of 1, 4, and 8 days. The dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing the main biological electrolytes. ICPMS determinations were used to quantify the dissolved metals. The total compositions were determined after closed vessel microwave digestion. Large variations in the rate and completeness of the dissolutions were observed. Fast and extensive dissolutions within the short-contact time (e.g., Zn, Cd) as well as slow dissolutions persisting during the last contact period (e.g., Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb) were found for smelting emissions. The multi-element determinations also made it possible to identify relationships between dissolution of different metals and define gradual composition changes of residual PM. When comparing with dissolutions performed in de-ionized water, similar major fractions were observed at short-contact time for minor components of smelting or combustion emissions (e.g., V, Ni, Cd), suggesting a preponderance of easily available forms at the surface of the relatively inert particle cores. The use of these time sequential methods may help in (1) modeling metal partitioning in biological media and (2) investigating the causes of adverse effects attributed to air PM.     

桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了桉树叶水浸出液胁迫下湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)2种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性〔包括PS(光系统)Ⅱ的F_v/F₀(潜在活性)、F_v/F_m(最大光能转化效率)、Yield(实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率),其中F_m和F₀分别为最大荧光和基础荧光〕的变化,同时监测微藻的生长情况,以研究桉树叶水浸出液对海洋微藻的影响,从而为探讨华南沿海大量种植桉树所造成潜在的海洋生态问题提供一些依据. 结果表明:①低浓度(以φ计,0.4、0.8、1.2mL/L)胁迫在96h内对湛江叉鞭金藻的上述4项荧光参数均无显著影响(P>0.05);高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下,24h时湛江叉鞭金藻的4项荧光参数都处于最低值,48h时处于次低值. 表明高浓度在胁迫早期(48h内)对湛江叉鞭金藻4项荧光参数有抑制作用,而后期(72、96h)这4项荧光参数又恢复到正常水平,抑制作用解除. ②低浓度(0.4、0.8mL/L)胁迫下纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数在24、48h内均得到促进,而高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下F_v/F_m在24h时为最小值,表现抑制作用;另外3项荧光参数则未受显著影响. 在胁迫后期(72、96h),纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数均随着胁迫浓度的增大而增加,表现为促进作用. ③就生长情况而言,随着胁迫浓度的增大,2种海洋微藻细胞密度的增长明显变缓. 表明桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻的生长以及叶绿素荧光特性都有影响,从而将会对整个海洋生态系统产生影响.