计算机技术在建筑火灾安全上的综合应用

为通过计算机技术低成本的、高效的、准确的解决建筑火灾安全问题,对计算机技术在建筑结构火灾安全上的综合应用进行研究,并以某一小学教学楼为例将应用成果进行展示。首先,通过FDS软件对该建筑某火灾场景进行了火场数值模拟。基于FDS的数据,利用RCFire程序进行了结构构件内部温度计算和结构火灾反应计算。最后,在Vega的虚拟现实平台上将构件内部温度和结构火灾反应的结果进行了动态图形展示,并实现了结构火灾反应的同步漫游。本文将建筑火场模拟技术、结构火灾反应计算技术和场景表现技术上综合应用到同一建筑上,形成了一个更为准确的结构火灾反应模拟系统,同时也为进一步的建筑火灾场景仿真奠定了基础。     

Environmental Effects of In Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Inland and Upland Habitats

In situ burning of inland and upland habitats is an alternative oil spill cleanup technique that, when used appropriately, may be more environmentally acceptable than intrusive manual, mechanical, and chemical treatments. There have been few published reports documenting the environmental effects of in situ burning in inland and upland habitats. Thus, this study, sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, used two approaches to increase the knowledge base and improve the appropriate use of in situ burning: (1) detailed review of published and unpublished in situ burn case histories for inland and upland spills; and (2) summaries of fire effects and other information from the literature on fire ecology and prescribed burning. Thirty-one case histories were summarized to identify the state of the practice concerning the reasons for burning, favorable conditions for burning, and evaluations of burn effects. The fire ecology and effects summaries included information from the extensive knowledge base surrounding wildfire and prescribed burning (without oil) as a natural resource management tool, as well as fire tolerance and burning considerations for dominant vegetation types of the United States. Results from these two approaches should improve the application of in situ burning for inland and upland spills.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

特长公路隧道集中排烟方式研究

纵向通风排烟是我国长大公路隧道发生火灾时通风的主要形式,目前开始应用一种新型的特长公路隧道纵向通风集中排烟方式。本文借助CFD三维数值模拟技术,对两种排烟方式在火灾时的烟气控制效果进行了对比分析,研究了顶部设排烟道时,不同排烟开口大小和排烟口间距对隧道火灾时排烟效果的影响。研究表明:顶部设排烟道排烟较纵向通风排烟有较好的烟气控制效果,排烟口的设置间距和开口大小将影响隧道火灾时的排烟特性。     

约束钢筋混凝土十字形柱的高温轴力分析

利用结构抗火分析软件SAFIR,研究了高温下约束十字形柱的轴力变化过程,考察了众多参数对该过程的影响规律,初步建立了其实用计算方法。研究结果表明:1荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、转动约束刚度比、荷载偏心率、截面尺寸对该变化过程影响较大,而柱长度、材料强度、混凝土保护层厚度、配筋率则对该过程影响较小。2随着轴向约束刚度比增加,轴压柱和偏压柱的轴力变化系数峰值均逐渐增大,且后者的增大效应相比前者更为显著。3有无转动约束存在对轴压柱和偏压柱的轴力变化系数峰值影响有限,非零转动约束刚度比的大小对轴力变化系数随升温时间的变化过程影响很小。4随着荷载比增加,轴力变化系数峰值迅速减小,这一趋势对于偏压柱更为显著;随着荷载偏心率增加,轴力变化系数迅速增大。由于火灾中相邻构件之间相互约束作用的客观存在,正确把握高温下约束构件的内力变化过程对科学解释其真实火灾行为是必要的。     

基于知识的多时相TM图像森林火烧迹地快速提取方法

本文以覆盖福州市及周边地区的五期TM图像为例,进行森林火烧迹地的自动提取研究.分别对TM图像上火烧迹地及其背景地物采样,分析火烧迹地在TM图像6个波段及PC变换、TC变换、多时相植被指数(MTVI)上的光谱特征,发现了火烧迹地与背景地物区分的光谱知识.其次,利用DEM数据分析火烧迹地在地形上的分布特点,发现了火烧迹地空间分布的知识规则.在此基础上建立了基于知识的多时相TM图像上森林火烧迹地提取模型,从而解决了快速识别和提取森林火灾信息的问题.     

隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究

隧道的消防设计应以保护人员的生命安全为首要目标，为此开发了隧道火灾时的人员疏散计算机模型Tunev（tunnel evacuation）。该模型能计算隧道内不同火灾场景的人员疏散所需时间，可与计算危险来临时间的火灾数值模拟软件CFD—PHOENICS3．5相结合，经两种时间的对比，判断人员疏散的安全性。该模型包含了简单的火灾时人员行为反应数据库和隧道防火结构特征参数。通过定性和定量的分析和计算，其结果能直观地发现疏散设计中的不足，以便采取针对性改进措施；该模型还可以作为辅助的消防演习工具。本文阐述了模型的有关概念，并对工程实例进行了疏散模拟，最后简述了Tunev模型的验证和应用。     

体外预应力索的破坏及其修复与更换

介绍了可换索体系对各组成部分的要求。分析了体外索在自然灾害环境下劣化破坏的原因：在腐蚀环境下，体外索腐蚀导致其力学性能发生变化，甚至发生应力腐蚀破坏和氢脆或疲劳腐蚀破坏；火灾环境下，钢筋力学性能劣化；动荷载作用下，体外索产生疲劳破坏。针对不同的情况，提出了相应的体外索修复、二次张拉和更换的方法。     

森林火险天气等级预测及火情监测应用

通过对1989-2003年500hPa高空天气形势的分析，给出了冬、春季森林火险戒严期的4种主要天气模型。根据林火气象条件的统计分析，找出了与森林火险天气密切相关的主要气象及物候因素，并对其进行了火险天气指数的等级划分。应用vb6．0软件开发建立了运行稳定、精度较高的未来24～48h森林火险预测平台，采用气象卫星遥感技术对森林火情进行准确定位的实时监测，提出了森林防火的一些安全措施，为森林火险等级预测和林火及时扑救抢险提供积极的气象保障条件。     

隧道火灾时空温度场小波分析

提出了分布式光纤温度传感系统(DTS)时空温度场小波分析方法,完成了监测系统报警算法的设计;应用该算法,对隧道内弱风和强风条件下的模拟实验隧道火灾时空温度场进行了瞬态识别;基于隧道温度场监测数据时空矩阵的提取,对隧道的温度场变化规律做出了分析,并选取Ribo3.7小波基成功识别出隧道火灾时空温度场的奇异点.实验结果表明...