Configuration predictions of large liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pool fires using CFD method

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has potential pool fire risks due to its flammability. The configuration of pool fires plays a significant role when applying the solid flame model or point source model to assess the risks from heat radiation. However, no existing correlations can precisely predict the configuration of large LPG (100% propane) pool fires. To enhance the fundamental understanding on how pool diameter and wind velocity can influence the configuration of large LPG pool fires, an experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is employed to simulate fires using different burning rate models. Fire temperature profiles, flame heights, and flame tilts predicted by the CFD model were compared with empirical models and experimental data. Accordingly, new correlations for flame height and flame tilt as functions of pool diameter D and wind velocity u_w have been developed. The comparisons demonstrate that the new correlations have the best overall accuracy in the prediction of flame height and tilt for large LPG pool fires under different conditions (10 m ≤ D ≤ 20 m, 0 ≤ u_w ≤ 3 m·s⁻¹).     

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究和评价新型可膨胀石墨防火涂料

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)实验获得的热失重速率(MLR)、热释放速率(HRR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、比消光面积(SEA)、CO2、CO和点燃时间(TTI)等参数对可膨胀石墨防火涂料与传统的膨胀型防火涂料的阻燃性能、烟毒释放、阻燃机理进行了对比研究。结果表明,与传统的膨胀型防火涂料相比,可膨胀石墨防火涂料由于在热降解过程中成炭量较高,炭层具有更好的热稳定性,因而其阻燃和隔热性能更为优良,具有更长的耐燃时间,且烟毒释放少,安全性能更高。     

电工电子产品燃烧产物的腐蚀损坏效应

电工电子产品陷入火灾后所产生的腐蚀性燃烧产物,可能会对电路和电工电子元器件的性能造成不同程度的损坏,使设备出现故障。测量和评估燃烧产物的腐蚀损坏效应对于保证与安全有关的电工电子设备正常运行是十分必要的。     

城市建筑火灾评价指标及其权重处理

针对城市建筑火灾的危害严重程度,结合建立的城市建筑火灾危险性评价指标体系,运用Fuzzy－AHP法确定了各评估因子的权重,指出了今后的努力方向。     

可燃材料火灾中的毒性评估方法

建筑火灾中致人死亡的因素除了热以外 ,更多的是因为烟气的毒性。为此 ,重点介绍了几种常用的烟气毒性的评估方法 ,并对这几种评估方法进行了比较。基于对这些评估方法的描述 ,阐明了烟气毒性研究未来的发展方向。     

中庭火灾烟流相似模型

将燃烧着的火焰视为具有一定发热量的热源、不计辐射传热的影响 ,建立中庭火灾烟气流动控制微分方程组 ,并导出模型实验相似准则 ;提出模型与原型局部相似的模型律 ;忽略围护结构热相似 ,建立 1/ 8模型试验台 ;开展中庭火灾烟流填充过程模型实验 ,模型实验与原型实验结果吻合。研究表明 :理论模型律是合理的 ,采用小比例的相似模型实验 ,研究中庭火灾烟流的发展是可行的     

结构防火在舰船防火设计中的应用

从舰船火灾发生的规律和特点出发,本着“重点在于防”的精神,论述了舰船消防设计的原则和任务,以及舰船结构防火中必须考虑的几个问题。     

模糊综合评价方法在舰船机舱消防安全管理中的应用

舰船机舱消防安全管理在舰船安全管理中占有极重要的地位。该文根据模糊数学的思想和方法,建立了舰船机舱消防安全模糊综合评价方法,用层次分析法全面分析了影响舰船机舱消防安全的各种因素,结合实例说明利用专家经验、观点与统计数字对模糊因素加以量化处理的过程和方法。结果表明,模糊综合评价方法适用于舰船机舱消防安全的综合评价,并使机舱消防安全管理更加科学,有助于提高机舱消防安全管理水平。     

基于事故树和模糊层次分析法的飞机火灾事故分析

为了解决飞机火灾事故易发问题、降低事故发生率,以巡航过程中客机发生火灾事故为情境,提出事故树分析法和模糊层次分析法相结合的研究方法。绘制树形图研究人为、机械、环境和管理等方面导致飞机火灾事故发生的途径,构建飞机火灾事故指标体系,结构重要度对指标赋值得出权重值顺序,结果表明:安检和安全培训对飞机火灾事故发生影响最大,空气影响次之,机械故障影响最小。因此,最有效的飞机火灾事故预防途径应从可燃物控制方面着手。     

Assessing spatial uncertainty of the Portuguese fire risk through direct sequential simulation

Forest fires have a significant economic, social, and environmental impact in Portugal. For that its fire risk was assessed through Bayes Formalism, where the main component of the risk of fire was assessed by the conditional probability of fire I(u,t) given a class of the daily severity rating (DSR) for a specific period of time—P[I(u,t)|R(u,t)]. The evaluation of this a posterior probability, P[I(u,t)|R(u,t)], was based on the update of marginal local probability of fire in each chosen region u (Durão, 2006).DSR values were used to calculate fire's risk, taking into account historical data, I(s,t), in a given region s, and also to define DSR's local thresholds in order to have P [I(u,t)|R(u,t)] ≥ 0.65.In this paper we characterize these posterior probabilities using direct sequential simulation models (DSS models) to obtain the spatial distribution of these probabilities over the entire Portugal, in order to assess the risk of fire and associated spatial uncertainty. Local probability density functions (pdfs) and spatial uncertainty are evaluated by a set of equiprobable simulated images of these posterior probabilities.Results are presented and discussed for the Portuguese fire seasons of the 2-year period, 2003-2004. The conditional probabilities reproduced reasonably well what was officially published for the studied fire seasons. We expect that a better understanding of both spatial and temporal patterns of fire in Portugal together with uncertainty measures constitutes an important tool for managers, helping to improve the effectiveness of fire prevention, detection and fire fighting resources allocation in critical social and environmental areas.