地铁火灾二次事故BP神经网络安全评价方法研究

基于能量转移理论、多米诺效应理论等相关理论对地铁火灾二次事故概念进行界定,并分析地铁火灾二次事故的演化机理,确定地铁火灾条件下易发的二次事故类型;建立了地铁火灾二次事故安全评价指标体系,通过BP神经网络的安全评价方法对地铁火灾二次事故进行量化分析。     

新型气体灭火剂开发技术研究

为了提高哈龙替代灭火剂的灭火性能,减少其对环境的不利影响,必须加快开发新一代气体灭火剂的步伐。提出了理想哈龙替代灭火剂的筛选标准和12种主要性能的分级方法,探讨了筛选过程的设计策略和选择筛选试验方法的基本原则,通过对典型气体灭火剂主要性能的对比,揭示了气体灭火剂的发展历程。剖析了气体灭火剂的灭火浓度、大气寿命、分散性、灭火剂及其分解和燃烧产物的毒性等重要性能的筛选技术发展现状和存在问题。认为应尽快建立并完善气体灭火剂的各项主要性能筛选试验方法,构建完整的气体灭火剂替代品性质数据库,在此基础上形成科学的性能预测体系,以便更好地从大量备选化学物质中找出综合性能优异、适合面广的新一代气体灭火剂系列品种。     

Thermal Strain in Fire Fighters While Wearing Task-Fitted Versus EN 469:2005 Protective Clothing During a Prolonged Rescue Drill

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

某大型商场性能化防火设计评估

利用FDS、Pathfinder软件对某大型商业建筑防火安全性能进行评估,实测火灾荷载数据,探究发生火灾情况下,能否满足人员安全疏散的要求。评估发现,大型商业建筑在采用一系列消防安全措施后,在消防设施正常工作情况下,疏散宽度可在现行规范规定基础上作适当放宽。     

典型山地白酒库火灾危险性分析与安全措施研究

酒库是白酒的重要储存场所,研究酒库火灾危险性有助于防止酒库火灾和减少火灾危害。通过调研典型山地白酒库的储存工艺,分析所储存白酒的特性,检查酒库在平面布置、生产工艺防火防爆、储存等方面的情况,发现酒库在防火方面存在的共性问题。分析典型山地白酒库事故后果并进行定量计算,结果表明池火灾会对周围人员和设施造成严重影响。根据计算结果和存在的问题提出建议措施,对于做好山地白酒库防火安全工作具有指导意义。     

Seeking knowledge of traditional Indigenous burning practices to inform regional bushfire management

ABSTRACT

A transdisciplinary review of the current academic knowledge of Indigenous traditional fire management is presented for the Mt Lofty Ranges in South Australia. For a long time, the roles of Indigenous management of the landscape have either been overlooked or discounted within environmental studies. That situation is beginning to change in many parts of Australia. However, this review of knowledge of traditional Indigenous burning practices specifically for the Mt Lofty Ranges suggests that there is very little formalised, academic knowledge available that could be utilised to inform prescribed burning practices in the region. Perhaps Indigenous peoples’ use of fire was strongly governed by individual choices, or perhaps established regimes demarcated roles across groups; perhaps some areas were burnt regularly and others were left unaltered – there is still no clear evidence from the academic literature to provide even limited understandings of such elements of pre-colonial fire regimes. That gap in knowledge will become increasingly problematic as the need for appropriate, sophisticated burning practices to respond to risk in peri-urban Adelaide increases with a changing climate. To learn from traditional Indigenous land management: (a) formal knowledge needs to be generated on past regional burning practices; and (b) understanding needs to be developed as to whether past burning practices could lead to effective hazard management and biodiversity outcomes within contemporary landscapes. Such an integration of Indigenous knowledge for effective environmental management will only be possible if the injustices of past exclusions of the importance of Indigenous biocultural practices are recognised.     

特高压换流变压器水喷雾灭火系统有效性实验研究

为考察在特高压换流变压器特殊火灾场景下水喷雾灭火系统的有效性,通过模拟不同数量喷头掉落情况下的冷喷实验,研究分析喷头工作压力、有效喷雾流量、水雾覆盖范围及全包络情况。结果表明：喷头工作压力、有效喷雾流量及水雾覆盖范围受掉落喷头占比影响显著,当掉落喷头占比超过10%时,喷头工作压力和有效喷雾流量均达不到标准规定要求,且喷头射程下降、覆盖范围缩小,无法全包络变压器;当喷头掉落后,消防水直接从消防支管以水柱射流形式喷射,不仅不具备水雾灭火的能力,而且有引发变压器热油火灾扩大的风险。     

高校火灾大学生疏散行为及心理特征分析

为了解高校突发火灾时人员疏散行为及心理,在参照其他人员密集场所应急疏散调查问卷的基础上,设计大学生疏散行为及心理特征调查问卷,并进行网络问卷调查。采用皮尔森卡方检验对应急个体特性、应急意识、应急经验、应急疏散条件与应急疏散心理及行为反应进行相关性分析,获取11组存在显著相关变量组。结果表明:男生在突发火灾时更冷静、自主,更愿意帮助他人;应急疏散心理及行为与消防安全关注程度、应急疏散设施及环境呈明显的正相关。因此可通过加强宣传教育、开展专业的消防教育及演练、完善疏散引导设施、增强安全出口的导向性等提高学生的应急疏散能力。     

基于数字锁相技术的飞机货舱火灾烟雾光学参数方法研究*

为解决飞机货舱火灾光学探测易受环境杂光和空气中灰尘、水汽干扰,误报率高的问题,提出1种基于数字锁相的双波长火灾烟雾探测方法。利用数字锁相技术调制双波长光源,选择性地提取微弱光散射信号,并设计前、后双向散射光探测光路。采用常见火灾材料及干扰源进行真假火源实验,依据米氏散射理论及不同粒径气溶胶颗粒对不同波长光的散射效应差异,以不对称比（AR）和双波长光强比（DWIR）作为火灾检测参数对不同粒径颗粒进行区分,根据2种火灾检测参数建立数据样本,利用BP神经网络进行分析,并加入复合式传感器实验作为对比。研究结果表明:基于数字锁相技术的火灾烟雾光学探测方法能够在一定程度上区分火灾烟雾和干扰源,误报率小于3.5%。     

基于Logistic回归模型的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测研究*

为实现对大兴安岭地区林火发生概率的基本预测,根据该地区历史火灾资料、地形因子、气象因子和人为因子,基于Logistic回归模型建立该地区林火发生概率预测模型。研究结果表明:坡度、海拔、平均气压、平均气温、平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度是该地区林火发生的主要驱动因子;坡度、海拔、平均气压、平均气温与林火发生概率呈正相关,平均相对湿度和最小相对湿度与林火发生概率呈负相关;ROC曲线下面积值（AUC）为0.91,最佳临界值为0.425;建立的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测模型,建模样本总体准确率为82.4%,验证样本总体准确率为80.5%;该地区夏季林火发生概率明显高于春、秋季;林火发生概率较高的Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级火险区主要集中在夏季该地区东南部、西部以及春、秋季该地区东南部。研究结果可为该地区林火预测提供1种参考方法。