饱和多孔介质中DNAPL污染源区结构及质量溶出

为探究重非水相液体（DNAPL）在地下水中的运移和溶出行为,选取四氯乙烯（PCE）为代表,采用透射光法动态监测PCE在二维砂箱中的运移和分布,并以顶空气相色谱法监测其质量溶出,在此基础上通过乙醇冲洗来改变PCE分布,对比分析相应源区结构和溶出浓度的变化.结果表明：PCE的运移以垂向入渗为主,并伴随由毛细管力引起的横向迁移;污染源区面积和溶出浓度的变化具有明显一致性,均先迅速增大而后趋于平稳,由于泄露量小,70.7%的PCE以ganglia态残留在运移路径上.乙醇主要通过增溶作用改变污染源区结构,对PCE的空间展布影响弱,乙醇冲洗后ganglia态PCE占比增至99.6%,GTP值从2.4增至257.随着乙醇冲洗体积的增加,PCE源区面积从100cm²减至50cm²,对应溶出浓度从114mg/L减至12mg/L,二者呈较好的线性关系（R²=0.76）.此外,连续监测结果显示,在本研究的实验条件下,无论是否经过乙醇冲洗,PCE污染源区结构和其相应的质量溶出可以在一定时间内（至少16PVs）保持稳定.     

修正的BP神经网络森林火灾成灾面积预测研究

以1997-2012年《中国林业统计年鉴》的全国森林火灾成灾面积为依据,应用BP神经网络模型对成灾面积进行了预测,对预测方法进行了检验.在此基础上,利用残差提出了修正的BP神经网络模型,并对预测方法进行了改进.研究结果表明,修正的BP神经网络预测精度高于BP神经网络,预测相对误差平均为7.2％,可应用于森林火灾成灾面积的预测.     

隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究

隧道的消防设计应以保护人员的生命安全为首要目标，为此开发了隧道火灾时的人员疏散计算机模型Tunev（tunnel evacuation）。该模型能计算隧道内不同火灾场景的人员疏散所需时间，可与计算危险来临时间的火灾数值模拟软件CFD—PHOENICS3．5相结合，经两种时间的对比，判断人员疏散的安全性。该模型包含了简单的火灾时人员行为反应数据库和隧道防火结构特征参数。通过定性和定量的分析和计算，其结果能直观地发现疏散设计中的不足，以便采取针对性改进措施；该模型还可以作为辅助的消防演习工具。本文阐述了模型的有关概念，并对工程实例进行了疏散模拟，最后简述了Tunev模型的验证和应用。     

基于AHP-证据理论的综合管廊火灾安全评价

为了进行综合管廊火灾安全评价,提出了基于AHP-证据理论的评价模型。采用AHP法得出综合管廊火灾安全评价体系中各因素的权重,再引入D-S证据理论提高评价的可信度。从"人、机、环、管"四大方面归纳出影响综合管廊火灾安全的潜在影响因素并分级,建立综合管廊火灾安全评价指标体系;通过AHP法得出体系中各因素的权重,再通过信任函数和似然函数的计算得到量化评价结果;最后将多个评价结果进行融合以提高最终评价结果的可信度,并且评判火灾安全等级。对某综合管廊的实例分析表明,当不同专家给出的评价结果有差异时,依据证据理论将不同的证据进行融合,能有效提高综合管廊火灾安全评价的可信度,最终得到可靠的评价结果。通过分析得出设备因素对综合管廊火灾安全评价体系影响最大。     

Transformations in carbon and nitrogen-forms in peat subjected to progressive thermal stress as revealed by analytical pyrolysis

To study the characteristic N-forms of humic-type materials, samples of sapric peat from Galicia (northern Spain) were heated at 350 °C for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s, and studied by Curie-point Py-GC/MS, solid-state CPMAS ¹³C-NMR and ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopies. NMR analysis of the peat samples in the progressive heating stages showed the concentration of heterocyclic N-forms, the maximum structural transition amide-to-heterocyclic forms being observed in samples heated for 120 s (56% heterocyclic N and 34% aromatic C). Under more drastic conditions all N-forms were depleted. Correlation between spectroscopic and pyrolytic data betrayed specific pyrolytic markers for the different N-forms. The intensity of the ¹⁵N-NMR amide peak tended to be positively correlated to the yield of indoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles, and negatively correlated to those of benzonitriles and pyrazines. Analytical pyrolysis also showed a progressive enrichment in lipids and alkyl macromolecules with increasing heating intensity, and a decrease in lignin-derived, polysaccharide-derived and N-containing compounds. The relative abundance of non-methoxyphenolic aromatic compounds did not change. The N-compounds in peat samples unheated or heated for 60–90 s released methylpyrazole, dimethylpyrroline, methyldiphenylindole and pyrazole, whereas peat samples heated for 120 s mainly yielded methylpyrazine and methyldiphenylindole. Dimethylpyrroline and pyrazine prevailed in samples heated for 150 s, whereas samples heated for 180 s yielded mainly pyrrole. Pyrolysis data presented low possibilities for forecasting the extent of the O-alkyl domain, but reflected quantitatively the transformations in the lignin-like moiety. Both techniques coincide in pointing out the accumulation of a recalcitrant alkyl domain possibly derived from abiotic condensations or inherited lipid biomacromolecules.     

轨顶排烟口对地铁地下车站火灾排烟效果影响研究

为了研究取消轨顶风口对地铁地下车站火灾防排烟的影响，采用CFD方法，针对全封闭站台门系统和全高站台门系统2种典型地铁车站，模拟车站公共区火灾和车站列车火灾发生时，有无轨顶风口对车站内排烟效果的影响。研究结果表明:针对车站公共区火灾，无论是全封闭站台门还是全高站台门系统，取消轨顶排烟口对公共区烟气温度、可见度、CO浓度等影响较低；但针对车站列车火灾，取消轨顶排烟口对公共区烟气温度、可见度、CO浓度均具有较大影响，排烟效果下降较多。     

Effects of interactions between anthropogenic stressors and recurring perturbations on ecosystem resilience and collapse

Insights into declines in ecosystem resilience and their causes and effects can inform preemptive action to avoid ecosystem collapse and loss of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Empirical studies of ecosystem collapse are rare and hampered by ecosystem complexity, nonlinear and lagged responses, and interactions across scales. We investigated how an anthropogenic stressor could diminish ecosystem resilience to a recurring perturbation by altering a critical ecosystem driver. We studied groundwater-dependent, peat-accumulating, fire-prone wetlands known as upland swamps in southeastern Australia. We hypothesized that underground mining (stressor) reduces resilience of these wetlands to landscape fires (perturbation) by diminishing groundwater, a key ecosystem driver. We monitored soil moisture as an indicator of ecosystem resilience during and after underground mining. After landscape fire, we compared responses of multiple state variables representing ecosystem structure, composition, and function in swamps within the mining footprint with unmined reference swamps. Soil moisture declined without recovery in swamps with mine subsidence (i.e., undermined), but was maintained in reference swamps over 8 years (effect size 1.8). Relative to burned reference swamps, burned undermined swamps showed greater loss of peat via substrate combustion; reduced cover, height, and biomass of regenerating vegetation; reduced postfire plant species richness and abundance; altered plant species composition; increased mortality rates of woody plants; reduced postfire seedling recruitment; and extirpation of a hydrophilic animal. Undermined swamps therefore showed strong symptoms of postfire ecosystem collapse, whereas reference swamps regenerated vigorously. We found that an anthropogenic stressor diminished the resilience of an ecosystem to recurring perturbations, predisposing it to collapse. Avoidance of ecosystem collapse hinges on early diagnosis of mechanisms and preventative risk reduction. It may be possible to delay or ameliorate symptoms of collapse or to restore resilience, but the latter appears unlikely in our study system due to fundamental alteration of a critical ecosystem driver. Efectos de las interacciones entre los estresantes antropogénicos y las perturbaciones recurrentes sobre la resiliencia y el colapso de los ecosistemas     

倾斜巷道内火灾逆流层变化规律数值模拟

为确定矿井火灾时期逆流层长度变化规律,给逃生与救护工作提供参考,以下行通风倾斜巷道为研究对象,建立长80 m、宽4 m、高3.5m拱形巷道模型,通过数值模拟的方法,确定多组火灾工况下烟气逆流层的变化规律.结果表明:巷道入口端风速在0.5～3 m/s增大,烟流逆流层长度随之减小,减小幅度逐渐变缓;火源烟流放散速度在5～25 m/s增大,逆流层长度随之增大,且增加幅度逐渐变缓;人口端风速条件固定为1 m/s,巷道倾角在O°～45°增加,火源烟气放散速度小于18 m/s时,逆流层长度随巷道倾角增加而减小,火源烟气放散速度大于18 m/s时,逆流层长度随巷道倾角增加而增加.     

受火后方钢管约束钢筋再生混凝土轴压短柱力学分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立了火灾后方钢管约束钢筋再生混凝土轴压短柱非线性有限元模型,在确定混凝土和钢材的本构基础上,对其火灾后轴压性能进行了数值计算,并与已有相关试验数据进行了对比验证。分析了升温时间、基体混凝土强度、再生粗集料取代率、截面尺寸、含钢率等参数对火灾后轴压性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着升温时间的增加,试件截面角部对中心区域的约束效果逐渐减弱,截面应力逐渐降低且分布趋向均匀;基体混凝土强度和截面直径是影响试件剩余承载力和初始损伤的主要因素,集料取代率和含钢率影响较小,所有试件的损伤发展过程较为相似;各试件的耗能能力随升温时间的增加呈现先提高后降低的趋势;提出了此类试件火灾后相关评价指标的简化计算公式,可为工程实际应用提供参考。     

城市地震火灾风险评估指标体系研究

从多方面系统、全面地研究了城市地震火灾原因及其消防工作。在借鉴民事火灾风险评估指标体系的基础上,结合地震情况下的潜在起火源、城市地震火灾发生的主要原因、城市消防系统在地震火灾的预防及扑救方面所起的作用以及城市环境对地震火灾的影响等因素,建立了城市地震火灾风险评价指标体系。运用专家调查法确定出各指标的相对重要性,采用层次分析法计算出各指标的权重。该项研究为进行城市地震火灾风险评估奠定了理论基础。