祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

甘肃干旱、半干旱地区尘类污染特征分析

本文用近１０年来ＴＳＰ、降尘监测数据对甘肃省干旱、半干旱地区尘类污染进行了较系统、全面地分析。总结出省内不同区域内尘污染时空分布特征,进一步阐明尘类污染是影响我省城市大气环境的重要指标。     

Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China

Concentrations of copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, chromium （Cr）, mercury （Hg）, and arsenic （As） were measured in arid agricultural and irrigated agricultural soils collected in Daba Village, Shajiawuan Village, Gangou Village and Sifangwu Village, located in central Gansu Province, China. Concentrations except Hg and Pb were lower than the background values in grey calcareous soil in the selected arid agricultural soils. Pb concentration exceeded the threshold of arid agricultural soils in China by 72.46%. These results showed that there was indeed serious pollution with Pb, a slight pollution problem for other selected metals in the irrigated agricultural soils in Daba Village. Principal component analysis （PCA） was used to assess the soil data, applying varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization. The result showed that the irrigated factor, agricultural factor and anthropogenic factor all contributed to the relations between selected chemical properties. The main factor of accumulation of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As was lithological factor in arid agricultural areas. There is a striking dissimilarity of origin of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As in agricultural soil between the irrigate agriculture and arid agriculture.     

干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型及应用——以中国新疆为例

干旱区旅游业在促进区域社会经济发展的同时,也加剧了地区的水资源供需矛盾。针对中国干旱区水资源禀赋及旅游产业的特点,提出干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型。按照旅游业产值对地区生产总值贡献率、旅游业从业人员占地区就业人员比例、地区水资源禀赋约束等指标,构建综合测算干旱区旅游业用水供给量测算模型;从旅游“食、住、行、游、娱、购”全要素视角,建立由餐饮水足迹、住宿水足迹、能源水足迹、游览水足迹、购物水足迹等账户组成的旅游业用水需求量测算模型;针对“供给”与“需求”水量的数量关系,利用组合分析方法,构建旅游业用水供需适配性程度指数评价模型,并设定评价阈值,测算干旱区旅游业用水供给与需求适配性程度的评价等级。实证分析了新疆2025年旅游业用水供需适配性程度,得出结论：为使旅游业用水维持在“供需基本平衡”或“供需平衡”的状态,新疆旅游业规模最高发展速度应在15%以内,同时新疆政府必须保持社会用水量年均节水率在0.95%及以上;而如某年发生突发性事件,则其之后年份的旅游业规模发展速度可放宽至20%。     

大规模开采条件下我国北方区域地下水水化学变化特征

本文在总结近些年来我国北方地下水水文地质调查成果的基础上,对大规模开采条件下我国北方主要盆地和平原地下水化学变化规律及其影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:在大规模开采地下水后,我国北方地下水水化学变化特征主要表现为:浅层地下水水化学类型向重碳酸型水转变,地下水硬度增高,且在地下水大规模开发利用时间比较早的山西盆地、华北平原和东北平原变化比较明显,在西北干旱地区并不明显;深层地下水水化学类型由重碳酸型水转变为其它类型,地下水矿化度增大,水质变差,且在新疆准噶尔盆地、山西盆地和华北平原及东北平原变化比较明显。同时在地下水强烈开采区的潜水和承压含水层及主要城市区的地下水水化学特征均表现为常量组分升高,矿化度增大,污染组分和污染程度增加。导致这些变化产生的原因主要是70年代以后地下水的大规模开发利用引起地下水流场发生变化和局部地区人类活动影响造成的污染物增加和不合理排放。     

中国西北地区工业园水资源高效利用系统研究

以西北地区某工业园为研究载体,从水资源高效利用系统构建出发,研究工业园水资源高效利用及优化调控系统模型的建立,提出适应当地资源环境特征的“分质处理-多级回用”水资源高效循环利用体系,打造水资源闭路循环经济链,有利于当地工业园区的生态化转型及可持续发展.     

渭干河-库车河绿洲土地生态安全物元分析评价

针对综合评价研究中存在信息不相容的问题,尝试采用物元分析法对渭干河-库车河绿洲(以下简称渭库绿洲)土地生态安全进行评价.通过构建土地生态安全的经济-环境-社会评价指标体系,建立土地生态安全评价的物元模型,揭示单个评价指标的分异信息和综合评价结果.结果表明,1)农民人均纯收入、耕地粮食单产、有效灌溉面积、土地垦殖率、农业机械总动力、城市化水平等指标出现不同等级的上升趋势,以上指标对土地生态安全水平的提升有重要贡献.但单位耕地化肥负荷、森林覆盖率、灾害指数、盐渍化程度、人口密度等指标的安全等级下降,而且盐渍化治理率和人口密度的安全状态均在较不安全等级以下,成为该绿洲土地生态安全的关键制约因素.2)1995-2010年,渭库绿洲土地生态水平等级经历了安全—较安全—安全—较安全的演变历程,但不完全符合安全与较安全的标准,水平等级不稳定.为了促进绿洲土地生态安全等级不断提升,需要转变经济发展方式,降低经济增长对土地资源的消耗,大力发展特色农业、节水农业,合理施用农药、化肥,加大环境治理力度,有效控制土壤盐渍化程度,以实现土地资源利用的可持续发展.     

Oasis land-use change and its effects on the oasis eco-environment in Keriya Oasis,China

Land-use change in oases of arid zones play a significant role in the sustainable development and stability of oases. This paper presents a typical case of successful efforts to mitigate land-use change, its drivers and effects on the oasis eco-environment at Keriya Oasis in the western arid zone of China using remotely-sensed data, official statistics, and data collected by field investigation. Mathematical models were developed to quantify important elements related to land-use change, including net change and total change. The results indicate that: (1) approximately 17% of land-use types of Keriya Oasis changed between 1991 and 2002; (2) socioeconomic development, climate change, and economic polices contributed to land-use change in the oasis; (3) inappropriate human activities were the main cause of land-use change and eco-environmental degradation in the oasis; and (4) the stability of the oasis is threatened by land-use change and unexpected eco-environmental changes in the oasis and oasis–desert ecotone. The study suggests irrational human activity in arid zones, and that caution should be exercised to maintain stability and sustainable development of oases.     

Nitrogen Sources and Sinks Within the Middle Rio Grande,New Mexico1

Abstract: Relationships between discharge, land use, and nitrogen sources and sinks were developed using 5 years of synoptic sampling along a 300 km reach of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. Average river discharge was higher during 2001 and 2005 “wet years” (15 m³/s) than during the drought years of 2002‐04 “dry years” (8.9 m³/s), but there were no differences in nitrogen loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which were the largest and most consistent source of nitrogen to the river (1,330 kg/day). Average total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentrations remained elevated for 180 km downstream of the Albuquerque WWTP averaging 1.2 mg/l in wet years and 0.52 mg/l in dry years. Possible explanations for the constant elevated TDN concentrations downstream of the major point source include reduced nitrogen retention capacity, minimal contact with riparian or channel vegetation, large suspended sediment loads, and low algal biomass. Somewhat surprisingly, agricultural return flows had lower average nitrogen concentrations than river water originally diverted to agriculture in both wet (0.81 mg/l) and dry years (0.19 mg/l), indicating that the agricultural system is a sink for nitrogen. Lower average nitrogen concentrations in the river during the dry years can be explained by the input of agricultural returns which comprise the majority of river flow in dry years.     

STREAM ASSESSMENTS USING BIOTIC INDICES: RESPONSES TO PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABLES1

ABSTRACT: Responses of the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (WSII), a regionally calibrated multimetric index, were investigated in relation to background elevational changes in water quality and habitat conditions versus accelerated anthropogenic degradation at the watershed scale. Assessments were conducted for three rivers in southeast Wyoming: the Little Medicine Bow River, the Medicine Bow River, and Rock Creek. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression models related “core metrics” and index scores to elevational gradients of physicochemical variables. Velocity, substrate, and weighted habitat values were positively correlated to index scores, while suspended solids was negatively correlated. The exclusive dependence of index scores on physical variables specifies the type of environmental gradients the WSII is most robust in detecting. The individual “core metrics” Plecoptera taxa, Trichoptera taxa, percent Trichoptera without Hydropsychidae, and percent noninsects appeared most sensitive to physical changes and were thus driving associations between index scores and physical variables. Despite strong correlations with physical variables, anomalies existed where habitat conditions were good, unknown stressors existed, or gradients were naturally occurring despite “Poor” index scores (i.e., degraded stream conditions). Such findings illustrate the influence of regional variability on biotic indices and the importance of identifying sufficient reference and impaired stream reaches used to develop and calibrate multimetric indices relying on reference conditions.