西部地区农业资源可持续利用的障碍因素分析

西部的农业资源面临危机 ,本文从宏观和微观层面分析了其成因 ,并提出了应提高农业水土资源的利用率、建立合理高效的农业生态系统结构、保护西部地区农业生态环境、优化配置农业资源等相应对策     

艾比湖干涸湖底化学组成及盐尘的风运堆积

选择亚洲中部典型干涸尾闾湖——艾比湖干涸湖底及其下风向约200km的范围为研究区,并把研究区分为干涸湖底风蚀区和盐尘扩散堆积区两个子区.通过对两子区连续多年野外实地观测、采样分析、定点试验等手段,研究了干涸湖底表层沉积物的化学组成、湖底风蚀动态和盐尘的扩散堆积规律.结果表明,艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表形态(结晶盐壳、盐-淤泥-黏土壳、风蚀堆积壳)间可溶性盐含量差异显著,盐类混合物中以硫酸盐和氯化物为主,二者基本占全部可溶性盐的90%,碳酸盐含量甚微.春秋两季是湖底风蚀和盐碱尘暴的高发期,盐分堆积动态与风期变化一致,春、秋两季大风期,降尘中盐通量最高;冬、夏两季降尘中盐通量较低.干涸湖底下风向盐尘的堆积强度以精河为中心分别向西北和东北方向递减,盐尘在风运过程中表现出显著的分异规律,硫酸盐比氯化物具有更远距离的迁移能力.     

常熟市农业和农村污染的优先控制区域识别

农业和农村污染发生的广域性、分散性和随机性等特征,使得农村污染治理难以抓住重点.在乡镇级单元尺度上,采用清单分析法,核算江苏省常熟市农田种植(化学肥料施用和作物秸秆遗弃)、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农村生活(生活污水和人粪尿、生活垃圾)共4类6种农业和农村污染源的化学需氧量(COD)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)排放量和排放强度,采用聚类分析法,通过敏感性评价识别出农业和农村污染的优先控制区域和优先控制污染源,从而使得农业和农村污染控制与管理措施更具针对性.结果表明,2007年常熟市农业和农村污染源COD、TN和TP的排放量分别为5496.07、4161.03、647.54t.a-1,COD、TN和TP的排放强度分别为48.84、36.98、5.75kg.hm-2.COD的主要污染源是农村生活和水产养殖,贡献率在75%以上,TN和TP的主要污染源是农田种植和水产养殖,贡献率在80%以上.敏感性评价识别出古里镇和沙家浜镇是常熟市农业和农村污染的优先控制区域,农田种植和水产养殖是优先控制区域内要优先控制的污染源.     

物元模型在综合评价旅游环境承载力中的应用

为了解决评价因素间的不确定性和不相容性问题,采用一种新方法对旅游环境承载力进行综合评价,该方法称为物元分析法。通过建立旅游环境承载力评价标准体系和物元模型来确定一个旅游区的环境承载力状态。以安徽省旅游区为例进行评价,结果表明该方法简单可行。对旅游规划决策和区域旅游业的可持续发展有重要的意义。     

人工湿地在我国北方寒冷地区的应用

概括归纳了人工湿地在北方应用的局限性及其应对措施,提出对湿地保温、改良微生物及其处理过程、合理选择湿地植物和基质、减低负荷等措施,以期使人工湿地在我国北方的应用技术更加成熟,应用区域更加广泛。     

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

Calculating Field‐Scale Evapotranspiration with Closed‐Chamber and Remote Sensing Methods

Currently, there is no agreed upon method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) across large regions such as the state of New Mexico. Remote sensing methods have potential for providing a solution, but require validation. A comparison between field‐scale ET measurements using a portable chamber ET measurement device and modeled ET using the remote sensing Regional Evapotranspiration Estimation Model (REEM) was performed where the model had not been previously evaluated. Data were collected during the growing season of 2015 in three irrigated agricultural valleys of northern New Mexico in agricultural and nonagricultural settings. No statistically significant difference was observed in agricultural datasets between means of measured (M = 3.7 mm/day, SE = 0.31 mm/day) and modeled (M = 4.0 mm/day, SE = 0.01 mm/day) daily ET; t(17) = ?1.50, p = 0.15, α = 0.05. As there was no statistical difference observed between agricultural datasets, results support the use of REEM in irrigated agricultural areas of northern New Mexico. A statistically significant difference was observed in nonagricultural datasets between means of measured (M = 1.7 mm/day, SE = 0.22 mm/day) and modeled (M = 0.0 mm/day, SE = 0.00 mm/day) daily ET; t(9) = 1.79, p = 5.7 × 10^?6, α = 0.05. With additional calibrations and air temperature sensors placed outside of agricultural areas, REEM may be suitable for use in nonagricultural areas of northern New Mexico.     

干旱内陆河流域人居环境适宜性评价——以石羊河流域为例

论文以干旱区内陆河石羊河流域为研究区,选取坡度、 坡向、 地形起伏度、 植被指数、 水文、 气候、 交通等因子作为评价指标,建立了人居环境指数(HEI),利用GIS的叠置分析、 缓冲区分析、 密度分析等空间分析技术对石羊河流域人居环境适宜性进行了定量综合评价分析。评价结果表明,石羊河流域人居环境指数介于17.13~84.32之间,整体分布格局为:从西南方向到东北方向适宜性依次降低,适宜、 较适宜居住区主要分布在中游和中下游地区,不适宜人类居住区占研究区面积的比例很大。石羊河流域人居环境适宜区主要以带状和斑块状分布在石羊河各支流周围,其他区域只有零星分布,与流域内居民点分布的空间格局相吻合。石羊河流域人居环境状况与人口密度呈对数关系,确定系数达到0.851 2,与经济发展水平呈现较明显的正相关性,人居环境评价值与单位面积GDP确定系数达到0.845 4,与道路网密度关系不显著,受道路制约程度较小。一些居民点分布在人居环境恶劣区域,一些村镇分布在靠近沙漠区域内,地形复杂,气候多变,水资源短缺,经济发展滞后,结合新农村建设规划和当地土地利用规划,这部分村落需要异地搬迁以便改善人居环境状况。     

乌伦古湖水量与水质变化特征及其环境效应

于2008年对乌伦古湖开展了湖泊水质水量及水生物资源的综合调查,获取了湖泊水量与水质的基本数据。在此基础上,根据湖区气候变化以及人类活动的特征,将乌伦古湖的变化归纳为4个时期:1956年以前为第一个时期,湖泊基本处于自然演化状态,湖泊的水位波动主要受气候变化影响,乌伦古河为主要补给河流;第二个时期为1956年至1970年,人类活动强度快速增加期,流域开发耗水,入湖水量减少,湖泊水位持续下降;1970年到1995年为第三个时期,在此期间,人类活动除了流域开发耗水有所增加外,乌伦古湖的水位波动主要与人类在湖区开渠建坝等活动有关;第四个时期为1995年以来,湖泊变化相对稳定,水利工程运行平稳且气候较为适宜,湖泊变化转入稳定期。然而,近年来,由于气候和人类活动的影响,湖泊处于较强烈的不稳定阶段。     

Dissipation kinetics of novaluron in tomato,an arid ecosystem pilot study

Novaluron, a newly introduced insecticide, is used for control of a number of field pests. However, information regarding novaluron residues and dissipation profile is limited. In this study, dissipation and residual levels of novaluron in tomato under open field conditions were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with quick, easy, cheape, effective, rugged (QuEChERS) method. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at three levels and results showed that recoveries ranged from 93% to 99%. Novaluron residues tend to dissipate following first-order rate kinetics with half-life of 2.08 days. Data demonstrated that the use of novaluron at recommended doses would not pose any hazards to consumers. The present results aid to establish the safe use of this pesticide on tomatoes, and possibly on other crops in Egypt.