Identification of optimal strategies for improving eco-resilience to floods in ecologically vulnerable regions of a wetland

In this study, a mixed integer fuzzy interval-stochastic programming model was developed for supporting the improvement of eco-resilience to floods in wetlands. This method allows uncertainties that are associated with eco-resilience improvement and can be presented as both probability distributions and interval values to be incorporated within a general modeling framework. Also, capacity-expansion plans of eco-resilience can be addressed through introducing binary variables. Moreover, penalties due to ecological damages which are associated with the violation of predefined targets can be effectively incorporated within the modeling and decision process. Thus, complexities associated with flood resistance and eco-resilience planning in wetlands can be systematically reflected, highly enhancing robustness of the modeling process. The developed method was then applied to a case of eco-resilience enhancement planning in three ecologically vulnerable regions of a wetland. Interval solutions under different river flow levels and different ecological damages were generated. They could be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help decision makers identify desired eco-resilience schemes to resist floods without causing too much damages. The application indicates that the model is helpful for supporting: (a) adjustment or justification of allocation patterns of ecological flood-resisting capacities, (b) formulation of local policies regarding eco-resilience enhancement options and policy interventions, and (c) analysis of interactions among multiple administrative targets within a wetland.     

干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型及应用——以中国新疆为例

干旱区旅游业在促进区域社会经济发展的同时,也加剧了地区的水资源供需矛盾。针对中国干旱区水资源禀赋及旅游产业的特点,提出干旱区旅游业用水供需适配性评价模型。按照旅游业产值对地区生产总值贡献率、旅游业从业人员占地区就业人员比例、地区水资源禀赋约束等指标,构建综合测算干旱区旅游业用水供给量测算模型;从旅游“食、住、行、游、娱、购”全要素视角,建立由餐饮水足迹、住宿水足迹、能源水足迹、游览水足迹、购物水足迹等账户组成的旅游业用水需求量测算模型;针对“供给”与“需求”水量的数量关系,利用组合分析方法,构建旅游业用水供需适配性程度指数评价模型,并设定评价阈值,测算干旱区旅游业用水供给与需求适配性程度的评价等级。实证分析了新疆2025年旅游业用水供需适配性程度,得出结论：为使旅游业用水维持在“供需基本平衡”或“供需平衡”的状态,新疆旅游业规模最高发展速度应在15%以内,同时新疆政府必须保持社会用水量年均节水率在0.95%及以上;而如某年发生突发性事件,则其之后年份的旅游业规模发展速度可放宽至20%。     

甘肃省及其周边地区土壤六氯苯污染特征

2011年3月采集甘肃省及其周边地区城区、农村和背景区三类采样区32个采样点的表层土壤样品,应用GC-MSD对其六氯苯含量进行分析测定.结果表明,研究区土壤六氯苯(HCB)检出率高达96.9%,平均污染水平为1.21ng/g,检出范围为n.d.~11.7ng/g;空间污染特征为:城区>农村>背景;研究区内大部分地区土壤中HCB来源是大气长距离迁移沉降,庆阳地区表现为工业和农业源,西宁、兰州地区主要是工业源,张掖、金昌地区主要是农业源;研究区土壤HCB与土壤有机质含量之间呈显著正相关;对HCB土壤生态系统风险进行初评表明:除庆阳和西宁地区外,其余采样点土壤环境处于相对安全状态.     

大规模开采条件下我国北方区域地下水水化学变化特征

本文在总结近些年来我国北方地下水水文地质调查成果的基础上,对大规模开采条件下我国北方主要盆地和平原地下水化学变化规律及其影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:在大规模开采地下水后,我国北方地下水水化学变化特征主要表现为:浅层地下水水化学类型向重碳酸型水转变,地下水硬度增高,且在地下水大规模开发利用时间比较早的山西盆地、华北平原和东北平原变化比较明显,在西北干旱地区并不明显;深层地下水水化学类型由重碳酸型水转变为其它类型,地下水矿化度增大,水质变差,且在新疆准噶尔盆地、山西盆地和华北平原及东北平原变化比较明显。同时在地下水强烈开采区的潜水和承压含水层及主要城市区的地下水水化学特征均表现为常量组分升高,矿化度增大,污染组分和污染程度增加。导致这些变化产生的原因主要是70年代以后地下水的大规模开发利用引起地下水流场发生变化和局部地区人类活动影响造成的污染物增加和不合理排放。     

贵州喀斯特地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护

贵州73％的土地为碳酸盐岩覆盖，生态环境脆弱，喀斯特地貌极为发育是我国一个相对独特的地域环境单元，也是一个植物多样性较丰富的地区，仅需保护的珍稀濒危植物就有342种，分属84科193属。分析了贵州喀斯特地区珍稀濒危植物的现状特征，并从植物本身的生理生态习性，喀斯特生境本底的严酷性（如土壤瘠薄、方便利用的地表水匮乏等），人类干扰活动（如盗伐，毁林垦荒，水土流失，酸雨危害等）等方面探讨了该地区珍稀濒危物种的濒危原因。在此基础上，结合目前西部大开发中生态建设的要求，提出了该地区珍稀濒危植物保护应采取的七条对策建议。     

A targeting approach for ecosystem protection

The Critical Ecosystems Team of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 5, has developed an approach to prioritize and target ecologically high-quality areas for enhanced environmental protection in the Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Using this approach, we intend to employ a pro-active strategy to protect the environment by protecting and restoring natural ecosystems rather than the traditional EPA approach of remediating and attempting to restore already degraded habitats. The approach consists of two components: (1) partnership and (2) criteria. For the partnership component, we collected, mapped, and summarized information on ecosystems considered critical to federal and state agencies, tribes and non-profit organizations. Multi-county areas with high numbers of ecosystems identified by a variety of partners were designated as ‘Ecologically Rich Regions’. These Ecologically Rich Regions highlight broad geographic areas where there are high levels of partner interest and, correspondingly, areas with high potential for forming collaborative partnerships for enhanced environmental protection. The second component, which relies on criteria, is still under development and defines critical ecosystems as having three important properties: (1) high ecological diversity, (2) potential for long-term sustainability and (3) presence of relict native ecosystems or communities. The information compiled under both components of this ecosystem targeting approach will inform ecological risk managers and assessors about important ecosystems that should be considered in risk management and assessment processes.     

地级以上城市的城市职能分类——以江浙沪地区为例

城市职能是城市在区域发展中所承担的分工。在国家或区域范围内,按照城市职能的相似性和差异性,研究城市与城市之间的分工,可以得到城市体系的职能结构。要得到城市体系的职能结构,首先要进行城市职能分类。对城市职能分类的方法经历了从简单到复杂、从定性到定量、从单指标到多指标的过程。以江浙沪地区25个地级以上城市为例,按照多因素分析和统计分析相结合的方法,研究得到这一城市体系的城市职能结构。上海是处于第一层级的综合性巨型城市,南京、杭州是处于第二层级的综合性特大城市,宁波、温州、绍兴、苏州、无锡是处于第三层级的综合性或专业化大城市,南通、盐城、徐州、金华是处于第四层级的综合性或专业化中等城市,其它12个城市则是处于第五层级的小城市。     

中国西北地区工业园水资源高效利用系统研究

以西北地区某工业园为研究载体,从水资源高效利用系统构建出发,研究工业园水资源高效利用及优化调控系统模型的建立,提出适应当地资源环境特征的“分质处理-多级回用”水资源高效循环利用体系,打造水资源闭路循环经济链,有利于当地工业园区的生态化转型及可持续发展.     

渭干河-库车河绿洲土地生态安全物元分析评价

针对综合评价研究中存在信息不相容的问题,尝试采用物元分析法对渭干河-库车河绿洲(以下简称渭库绿洲)土地生态安全进行评价.通过构建土地生态安全的经济-环境-社会评价指标体系,建立土地生态安全评价的物元模型,揭示单个评价指标的分异信息和综合评价结果.结果表明,1)农民人均纯收入、耕地粮食单产、有效灌溉面积、土地垦殖率、农业机械总动力、城市化水平等指标出现不同等级的上升趋势,以上指标对土地生态安全水平的提升有重要贡献.但单位耕地化肥负荷、森林覆盖率、灾害指数、盐渍化程度、人口密度等指标的安全等级下降,而且盐渍化治理率和人口密度的安全状态均在较不安全等级以下,成为该绿洲土地生态安全的关键制约因素.2)1995-2010年,渭库绿洲土地生态水平等级经历了安全—较安全—安全—较安全的演变历程,但不完全符合安全与较安全的标准,水平等级不稳定.为了促进绿洲土地生态安全等级不断提升,需要转变经济发展方式,降低经济增长对土地资源的消耗,大力发展特色农业、节水农业,合理施用农药、化肥,加大环境治理力度,有效控制土壤盐渍化程度,以实现土地资源利用的可持续发展.     

Ecotourism Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Westem Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province, such as serious soil erosion, fragile ecological environment, low levels of economy and so on. Advantages of tourism resources in the ＂periphery regions＂ should be fully utilized, and ＂multi-tourism＂ meets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions. The ＂multi-tourism development model＂ can exert the functions of tourism as the key industry. Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries, the model can accelerate the development of related-industries, such as eco-agriculture, eco-industry and so on. Through implementing the multi-tourism model, we can fully utilize the advantages of the periphery regions and promote the sustainable development of regional economy.