干旱半干旱地区的干旱指数分析

利用降水距平百分率建立了干旱指数方程，可用于于旱半干旱地区的干旱监测，并对１９８９年北疆的干旱和乌鲁木齐历年的干湿期进行了计算和分析，取得了较好的结果。     

SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN THE HUMID REGION1

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed in order to establish a yield predictive relationship and to estimate the water requirements for supplemental irrigation of horticultural crops in the humid region. Alternative distribution systems were developed and designed using the results from the computer model and Wood's (1980) pipe network algorithm. The capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the distribution and recommended on-farm irrigation systems were determined and used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the alternative designs. Results show that the concentration of irrigated area along the distribution system, the length of the distribution system, and cropping system all have an important effect on the economic feasibility of supplemental irrigation in Wayne County, Kentucky.     

Correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in ohio streams and aquatic ecoregions

Land classification systems can be useful for assessing aquatic ecosystems if relationships among them exist. Because the character of an aquatic ecosystem depends to a large extent upon the character of the landscape it drains, spatial patterns in aquatic ecosystems should correspond to patterns in the landscape. To test this hypothesis, the US state of Ohio was divided into four aquatic ecoregions based on an analysis of spatial patterns in the combination of land-surface form, land use, potential natural vegetation, and soil parent material. During the period July–October 1983, fish assemblages were sampled in 46 streams that were representative of the ecoregions, and that had watersheds relatively undisturbed by human activities. Spatial patterns of the fish assemblages were examined relative to the ecoregions; distinct regional differences were identified. The assemblages differed most between the Huron/Erie Lake Plain region and the Western Allegheny Plateau region; assemblages in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains and the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain-Interior Plateau regions were intermediate. This pattern also reflects the gradient in landscape character as one moves from the northwest to the southeast of Ohio.     

Irrigation development and its environmental consequences in arid regions of India

The present paper examines the nature and dimensions of environmental transformation induced by canal irrigation in the arid region of India. The case study pertains to the Indira Gandhi Canal comand area in Rajasthan where the density and area of vegetation cover have increased due to afforestation, and the cultivated area has expanded due to irrigation. Consequently, there has been a perceptible improvement in the structure and fertility of sandy soils, but it would require a herculean effort on the part of the canal authority and local people to reduce soil erosion and siltation in the lower parts of stage I and the entire command area of stage II. Moreover, the water table has been rising rapidly throughout the command area of stage I. About half of the command area and adjoining Ghaggar basin in Ganganagar District will be facing the danger of waterlogging by the turn of the century. The incidence of irrigation-induced alkalization is higher in the lower parts of stage I. Soil alkalinity has appeared within five years of the introduction of irrigation in the interdunal basins and is manifested as a strong salt regime or calcareous pans near surface. This calls for immediate reclamation of the affected area and prevention of its expansion by altering the strategy of irrigation development, by changing cropping patterns, and by providing soil drainage.     

岩溶易旱区地下水水文地球化学特征及其控制因素——以兴仁县为例

地下水是岩溶易旱区极其重要的水资源,是当地生态环境和人类生存的基本保障。通过收集整理岩溶易旱区兴仁县地下水水化学数据,分析与研究,发现岩溶易旱区地下水的溶解组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型和HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,部分地区由于受到岩层中石膏夹层溶解的影响,水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型。地下水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-等离子受流经区域地层岩性和水-岩相互作用的影响,表现出显著的区域性特征,属自然来源;K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、NO_3~-等指标与人类活动关系密切,SO_4~(2-)受水-岩相互作用和人类活动共同影响。岩溶易旱区地下水水文地球化学容易受到人为活动的干扰且日趋明显,降低人为活动对岩溶地下水的影响是确保岩溶易旱区地下水环境及饮水安全的关键。     

近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析

使用自20世纪70年代末~2004年的3期遥感图像(70sMSS、90sTM和2004年TM/ETM),研究了近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化的格局与过程,结果表明:整个研究时段内,草地退化发生面积占总草地面积的10%左右,且以草地覆盖度轻度下降为主,其退化面积占总草地退化面积的80%以上,其次是轻度沙化/盐化,相应比重占10%以上。草地退化面积呈东南向西北减少趋势,退化程度呈东南向西北降低格局,而退化类型也由复合型向单一型过渡。整个时段内,草地退化面积呈增加趋势,尤其是沙化面积增加较快。不同海拔、坡度和坡向间草地退化面积差异显著。海拔4 800~5 100m范围内为草地退化发生的主要分布区,4 500~4 800m和5 100m以上草地退化基本相当。退化率较高的坡度级别介于2~8°之间,类似于草地面积随坡度变化的基本趋势。不同坡向呈阴坡、半阴半阳坡高于阳坡的态势。脆弱的基底、极端气候年际间周期波动等限制性因子控制着草地退化的基本格局,人为扰动则决定草地退化的强度和速度。总体看来,研究区地带性自然条件决定的荒漠化草地已占据主导地位,人类活动相对较弱,草地退化程度增加趋势不明显,新的草地退化现象不十分突出。     

Potential Ecological Distribution of Alien Invasive Species and Risk Assessment: a Case Study of Buffel Grass in Arid Regions of Mexico

Abstract:  Alien invasive species represent a severe risk to biodiversity. Such is the case of buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.), a native species of Southern Asia and East Africa, which was introduced to the United States and Mexico for use in improved pasture. Here we present a coarse-grain approach to determine areas where buffel grass can potentially invade in Mexico. Potential species distributions, suitable for an invasion by buffel grass, were obtained through genetic algorithms. We generated the algorithms with databases of herbaria specimens; environmental digital covers of climate, soil texture, and vegetation; and the program called Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction. This spatial modeling approach was validated with a case study for the state of Sonora, Mexico, where the occurrence of buffel grass has been proven. The most threatened vegetation types for the specific case of Sonora were desert scrub, mesquite woodlands, and tropical deciduous forest. The model prediction agreed with the field observations recorded in Sonora and allowed us to apply the same procedure to produce a map of the potential sites of buffel grass invasion for Mexico. The areas at risk of invasion mostly occurred in desert scrub, located in the arid and semiarid regions of northern Mexico. This methodology provides an initial baseline for assessment, prevention, and management of alien species that may become invasive under certain environmental conditions. Additionally this modeling approach provides a tool for policy makers to use in making decisions on land-use management practices when alien species are involved.     

红壤丘陵区LAI与土壤侵蚀分布特征的关系

叶面积指数(LAI)是常用的一个用于描述植被覆盖的方面指数,土壤侵蚀的分布又与植被的覆盖状况息息相关,这就意味着LAI与土壤侵蚀有一定的相关性,目前有关这二者的相关性研究还鲜有文献报道。基于这此,本研究首先利用2000年的遥感影像(TM)解释出该年度的土壤侵蚀强度图,再利用该遥感影像通过图像的代数运算得出该地区的NDVI栅格图,通过实测该县不同典型植被条件的LAI值,得出实测的LAI与图像NDVI值之间的函数关系式,由图像的代数运算把NDVI图转换成LAI图,即实现了遥感图像的实测LAI纠正。在GIS软件的帮助下,通过将LAI栅格图与土壤侵蚀强度图的空间叠加分析,得到不同LAI条件下的土壤侵蚀分布。结果表明,LAI与土壤侵蚀的分布表现为:大致以LAI=2为分界线,当LAI<2时,土壤侵蚀并未随LAI的增加而迅速减少,LAI>2时,土壤侵蚀的分布随植被指数的增加而减少,当LAI=2左右时,土壤侵蚀的面积最大。这种情况对于轻度、中度及强度土壤侵蚀的影响是类似的,都呈类正态分布的曲线形式,但在曲线的两侧土壤侵蚀类型是有本质区别的,在曲线的左侧土壤侵蚀类型的分布是中度和强度为主,而在曲线右侧则以轻度为主。表明LAI这个指标与土壤侵蚀有很好的相关性,可以用于土壤侵蚀方面的相关研究工作。     

干旱内陆河流域土地利用变化及其对环境的影响——以西北地区黑河流域为例

从区域的角度,研究土地利用/土地覆被变化导致的生态环境退化,对于丰富土地利用/土地覆被变化研究内容具有重要的理论意义,同时又对当地生态环境的保护与恢复具有现实的指导意义。文章以我国西北干旱区内陆河流域黑河为例,利用遥感和GIS技术,分析和评价近17年(1987—2004年)来该流域土地利用的动态变化及其对于整个流域环境的影响。研究结果表明,自1987—2004年黑河流域5种土地利用类型面积发生了显著的变化。具体表现在耕地面积由1987年的5178.0km2增加到2004年的5357.8km2,林地面积从1987年的6422.1km2增加到2004年的6450.4km2,城镇用地面积从1987年的115179.5km2增加到2004年的115791.4km2;另一方面,草地面积却从1987年的27710.6km2减少到2004年的27209.3km2,水域面积从1987年的1645.7km2减少到2004年的1386.4km2。同时又分别从黑河上、中、下游方面,对土地利用变化情况作了具体的分析。通过以上研究可以看出,近17年来,黑河流域土地利用发生了深刻的变化,由此造成了整个流域的生态环境退化问题,主要表现在水环境的变化、土地荒漠化、土壤盐渍化以及植被退化等方面。     

干旱区地表石油污染物风蚀作用大气传输量估算研究

通过焉耆盆地石油开发区石油污染物水环境污染途径特点的分析 ,认为落地油将通过风蚀作用由大气传输以降尘的形式落入水体 ,对水环境产生影响。本文以土壤侵蚀的风洞实验求得污染源源强 ,采用高斯模式对地表风蚀作用的传输量进行估算 ,进而对石油开发区落地油通过大气传输途径对区域水环境 (博斯腾湖 )的影响进行了预测 ,建立了相应的模型。为人们了解干旱区石油污染物风蚀作用水环境污染影响提供了初步依据 ,对干旱区湖泊石油污染的全面防治提供了科学范式